Applied Statistics And Data Analysis For Public Health Sample

Applied Statistics And Data Analysis For Public Health

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Introduction - Applied Statistics And Data Analysis For Public Health

The term statistics of health is the summarized data that is related to the health of the patient in the particular healthcare center. The researchers collect the data from the healthcare organization and use this data for the learning about the health of the public and about the health care of the patients. The analysis of the data in public healthcare helps in understanding the factors that are associated with the outcomes of the desired interest (Bachner, 2021). It is also used for determining the extent to which the different kinds of interventions may be effective. This model will help in the development of the knowledge of the statistic, designing of the statistical data appropriate execution and plan for addressing the question related to the health of the public. The methods that have been used for analyzing the statistics data of the public health are mean, median T test and standard deviation and many more for the data analyzing. There should be employment of the formats of the graphs like pie chart, histogram and line graphs for presenting the data epidemiologically (Ott, 2018). In the report the data obtained was a randomized trial of control that is conducting for evaluating the education intervention of lifestyle health. The proposed intervention is delivered for the 12 weeks and the main aim of this intervention would be the promotion of the healthy lifestyle amongst the students of the university and also increasing the literacy related to the health and improving healthy weights in participants of study. 

Preliminary analyses and investigations

The analysis of the preliminary that is discussed on the screening of the data and the statistics of the description like the mean, standard deviation, frequencies like percentages and counts and medians, charts and graphs would also be used in summarizing the variables of these assessments of public health care.

Question 1

Here the difference between the healthy literacy of the two campuses of compus A and Campus B has been reflected through the “independent T test” in the SPSS. 

Group Statistics

Asthma diagnosed N “Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean”

“Health literacy at baseline” No asthma 69 58.4811 15.66407 1.88573

Asthma 12 58.2318 12.37569 3.57255

Health literacy after intervention No asthma 69 58.9262 15.80211 1.90235

Asthma 12 58.6599 12.59182 3.63494

“Independent Samples Test”

“Levene's Test for Equality of Variances” “t-test for Equality of Means”

F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference “95% Confidence Interval of the Difference”

Lower Upper

“Health literacy at baseline” “Equal variances assumed” 1.366 .246 .052 79 .958 .24929 4.76938 -9.24392 9.74250

Equal variances not assumed .062 17.760 .951 .24929 4.03969 -8.24601 8.74459

Health literacy after intervention Equal variances assumed 1.247 .267 .055 79 .956 .26629 4.81520 -9.31814 9.85071

Equal variances not assumed .065 17.637 .949 .26629 4.10265 -8.36580 8.89838

The difference has been concluded on the basis of the Asthma variable and comparing the two variables together, that is baseline health literacy and the literacy of the health after the intervention (Peng, 2018). In the baseline health literacy the no of the people using the smoking are the No asthma of 69 and having 12 similarly in literacy of health after the intervention is the same. The P value of both the campuses are 0.246 and 0.267 respectively. The T-statistics and the P value of the test has been reflected in the valve table (Baek et al. 2018). The test is performed using the “non-parametric equivalent” technique for comparing the dependent variable on the two interventions in the “Mann-Whitney test”. Here the grouping variables are Asthma. “Mann-Whitney test indicates that there is not any difference of significant in the test between the literacy and health of the two campuses. (U= 407 and 408 respectively)

Question 2

Body mass index -1

“Group Statistics”

“Intervention N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean”

“Body_mass_index_1 Control group 47” 227512.1697 32330.66698 4715.91246

Intervention group 34 254355.2581 46664.93009 8002.96949

“Independent Samples Test”

“Levene's Test for Equality of Variances” “t-test for Equality of Means”

F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

Lower Upper

“Body_mass_index_1 Equal variances assumed” 3.626 .061 -3.060 79 .003 -26843.08843 8772.62439 -44304.56050 -9381.61637

Equal variances not assumed -2.890 55.128 .006 -26843.08843 9289.09850 -45457.88467 -8228.29220

As per the “Body mass index” the evaluation of the effect on the intervention of the “body mass index” has been conducting by using the statistical T test of the independent variable in the SPSS software, at first there should be the understanding of the T test, this is basically used for the finding out the difference between the two groups mean and how they are related with each other. This is used for the test of the hypothesis and the values of the T test and determining the significant statistic (Bahariniya and Madadizadeh, 2021). From the above table it can be clearly seen that the what the values of the means of the two groups are in the Body mass index one the sample size in the control group is 47 and in intervention group it is 34 the mean value are 227512 and 254355 respectively and standard deviation is 32330 and 46664 respectively (Rahman, 2020). P values of the T test are 0.003 and 0.006 and the T values are -3.060 and -2.890 respectively and there is 95% of the difference of confidence.

Body mass index -2

“Group Statistics”

“Intervention N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean”

“Body_mass_index_2 Control group 47” 228673.2373 31962.15678 4662.15973

Intervention group 34 246787.1870 44987.64505 7715.31748

“Independent Samples Test”

“Levene's Test for Equality of Variances” “t-test for Equality of Means”

F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error “Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference”

Lower Upper

“Body_mass_index_2 Equal variances assumed” 3.536 .064 -2.120 79 .037 -18113.94970 8544.27829 -35120.91023 -1106.98918

Equal variances not assumed -2.009 56.131 .049 -18113.94970 9014.53588 -36171.30761 -56.59180

Here it can be seen that the value of the mean of the control group and intervention group are 2286.73 and 246787 respectively (Saglimbene et al. 2020). Standard deviations are 31962 and 44987 for two groups respectively. Here the P values of the T test are 0.037 and 0.049 respectively and the values of T are -2.120 and -2.009 respectively. 

Correlations

“Descriptive Statistics”

“Mean Std. Deviation N”

“Body_mass_index_1” 238779.6389 40951.06134 81

“Body_mass_index_2” 236276.6236 38770.82538 81

Intervention 1.42 .497 81

Correlations

Body_mass_index_1 Body_mass_index_2 Intervention

Body_mass_index_1 Pearson Correlation 1 .990** .326**

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .003

N 81 81 81

Body_mass_index_2 Pearson Correlation .990** 1 .232*

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .037

N 81 81 81

Intervention Pearson Correlation .326** .232* 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .003 .037

N 81 81 81

** “Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)”.

* “Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)”.

It can be said that the optimal value of the correlation in the Spss of the variables is -1. There has been a significant correlation between all the specified variables (Vinceti and Filippini, 2021). The correlations are significant at the level of 0.01(2-tailed).

Question 3

“Case Processing Summary”
Cases
Valid		Missing		Total
N	Percent	N	Percent	N	Percent
“Asthma diagnosed * Intervention”	81	100.0%	0	0.0%	81	100.0%

“Asthma diagnosed * Intervention Cross tabulation”
“Intervention”		Total
“Control group’	“Intervention group”
“Asthma diagnosed”	No asthma	Count	40	29	69
		% within Asthma diagnosed	58.0%	42.0%	100.0%
	Asthma	Count	7	5	12
		% within Asthma diagnosed	58.3%	41.7%	100.0%
Total		Count	47	34	81
		% within Asthma diagnosed	58.0%	42.0%	100.0%

The use of the cross tabulation has been done for conducting the answer of this question. By the use of this table the significant statistical difference of the cases of the Asthma and the intervention group and the control group (Benke and Benke, 2018). There has been a total 81 no of the people in which the control group has the 40 cases without Asthma bad with Asthma it is 7 persons and the total percentage is 58% for the group of the control (Wing et al. 2018). In the intervention group the no of the no Asthma cases are 29 and with Asthma are 5 and there total no of participants in the control group are 47 nad in intervention group are 34 in whole total it was 69 no of people without having the Asthma and 12 propels are with Asthma.

“Chi square test”

If the value of the calculated “Chi square” is higher than the critical value of the chi square there was the chance of rejecting the hypothesis of null (Berman, 2018). This signifies that the how much of the differences are there between the counts observation and the the no of the counts that has been expected, the value of the “Chi square” that is calculated is 0.001 and the value of p is 0.981, the results can be said to be significant as the value is less and equal to the designated level of the alpha that is normally is 0.05 (Wong et al. 2019). Here the “P value” is greater than the “standard value” of alpha so we reject the “hypothesis of null”.

Chi-Square Tests
Value	df	Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)	Exact Sig. (2-sided)	Exact Sig. (1-sided)
“Pearson Chi-Square”	.001a	1	.981
“Continuity Correction”	.000	1	1.000
“Likelihood Ratio”	.001	1	.981
“Fisher's Exact Test”	1.000	.619
“Linear-by-Linear Association”	.001	1	.981
“N of Valid Cases”	81
a. “0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 5.04”.
b. “Computed only for a 2x2 table”

Question 4

In question 4 the determination should be made on the difference between the baseline health literacy between the participants of the age groups of the “≤20 years, 21-25 years and ≥26 years”. For this the test has used the cross tabulation for making out the difference according to the age criteria. There is the total number of the participants of the 8 (Chen, 2022). As per the calculation has been made on the basis of the health literacy baseline it can clearly show what none of the people have come on the criteria of the range. In the below table it can be seen that the no of participants in the age group of the less than 20 are 29 which is the highest no of participants in the three age group criteria (Zhao et al. 2021). In the age group of the between 21 to 25 years the no of participants are 19 and in the last age group of the age of more than 26 are 27. Tha total no of the participants in all the age groups are 72.

Health literacy at baseline	≤20 years	Between 21 to 25 years	≥26 years	total
25.57	1	1
27.56	1	1
28.57	1	1	2
35.71	3	3
35.72	1	1
35.8	1	1
42.84	1	1
42.86	1	1
49.85	1	1
50	4	2	2	8
55.14	1	1
56.14	1	1
57	1	1
57.14	2	3	7	12
62.29	1	1
63.12	1	1
63.3	1	1
64	1	1
64.29	4	1	4	9
64.52	1	1
70.4	1	1
70.41	1	1
71.43	4	4	1	9
71.5	1	1
76.41	1	1
76.42	1	1
78.57	2	1	1	4
83.42	1	1
84.62	1	1
85.71	1	1
90.8	1	1
92.86	1	1
Total	29	16	27	72

Chi square test

Chi-Square Tests
Value	df	Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
“Pearson Chi-Square”	796.146a	651	.000
“Likelihood Ratio”	249.884	651	1.000
“Linear-by-Linear Association”	.321	1	.571
“N of Valid Cases”	81
a. “704 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .01”.

The “chi square test” of the difference of the health line literacy on the basis of the age criteria are reflected. The value of the personal Chi square is 796.146 and the value of the “df” is 650.

Question 5

For the conduction of the analyzation and investigation of the baseline literacy of health, sex and age for predicting the body mass index of the post intervention amongst the participants. For this investigation the test of the “Univariate Analysis of Variance” Has been in the use for the calculation (Escolà-Gascón, 2022). This tells us the analysis of the Univariate of each variable of the set of the data. It will look at the value range and the values central tendency, it describes the response pattern of the variables, and it describes each variable in its own way. 

“Health literacy at baseline and post-intervention body mass index”

The highest no of the participants in the literacy of health in the criteria of 57.14 that is 12 participants.

“Age and post-intervention body mass index”

The age range of the starting from the 18 years to the 44 years the no of the highest participants in the age range of the 20 age, this has the participants of 14 people in it 19 years is the second highest age range.

“Sex and post-intervention body mass index”

As per the criteria of the sex the no of the participants in the male is 26 and in female is 55, the female participants are highest.

The descriptive statistics of the having the dependent variable of Body mass index of 2 with the factors of “Health literacy at baseline”, age and sex has been determined (Hernán et al. 2018). The highest mean values of the male and female are 376917 and 376917 respectively for male and female. This comes in the baseline of the health literacy of 41. The total value of the mean of male is 250504 and for female it is 229550 in total it is 236276.

“Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances”
Dependent Variable: Body_mass_index_2
F	df1	df2	Sig.
1.204	69	11	.390
“Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups”.
a. “Design: Intercept” + HealthLiteracy1 + Age + Sex + HealthLiteracy1 * Age + HealthLiteracy1 * Sex + Age * Sex + HealthLiteracy1 * Age * Sex

“Tests of Between-Subjects Effects”
“Dependent Variable: Body_mass_index_2”
Source	“Type III Sum of Squares”	df	“Mean Square”	F	Sig.	Partial Eta Squared	Noncent. Parameter	Observed Power
Corrected Model	115396180218.325a	69	1672408408.961	3.787	.010	.960	261.294	.962
Intercept	2520555580569.784	1	2520555580569.784	5707.343	.000	.998	5707.343	1.000
HealthLiteracy1	30614103838.475	20	1530705191.924	3.466	.019	.863	69.320	.896
Age	30385707840.807	16	1899106740.050	4.300	.009	.862	68.803	.945
Sex	4272086817.556	1	4272086817.556	9.673	.010	.468	9.673	.808
HealthLiteracy1 * Age	5270511529.461	10	527051152.946	1.193	.386	.520	11.934	.336
HealthLiteracy1 * Sex	76748229.464	2	38374114.732	.087	.917	.016	.174	.060
Age * Sex	.000	0	.	.	.	.000	.000	.
HealthLiteracy1 * Age * Sex	.000	0	.	.	.	.000	.000	.
Error	4857971829.802	11	441633802.709
Total	4642212222917.494	81
Corrected Total	120254152048.127	80
a. R Squared = .960 (Adjusted R Squared = .706)
b. Computed using alpha = .05

The test between the effect of the subject of the age, sex and health literacy based on the body mass index 2 tests the ability of the variations in the variable of the dependent, here the “dependent variable” is “body mass index”.

3. Sex
Dependent Variable: Body_mass_index_2
Sex	Mean	Std. Error	95% Confidence Interval
			Lower Bound	Upper Bound
male	253014.244a	4307.376	243533.773	262494.714
female	230893.995a	2942.381	224417.857	237370.132
a. “Based on modified population marginal mean”.

Here the depe4ndent variable of the body mass index and the sex criteria showing that the mean value of the both the genders with the 95% of the interval confidence (Mooney and Pejaver, 2018). The mean value is 253014 and 230893 for male and female respectively.

Profile plots

The plot of the profile is the analysis of the graphical data for analyzing the behavior of relatives. Thai consists of the sequence of the vertical spokes representing the different kinds of variables in the data set of the multivariate (McClure et al. 2020). Here the profile plots is showing the data of graphical of the age, sex and the baseline of the literacy of health based on the body index of 2.

Figure 1: profit plots

(Source: Self-created in SPSS)

Conclusion

The conclusion of this report summary is that the different tasks have been done on the basis of the different tests and different formulas of the tasks. In the tasks 1 the conclusion is made by applying the T test of the and comparison is made on the basis of the mean of the variables for examining the difference between the baseline of the health literacy between the different campus of campus And campus B. in the second task the evaluation is done on the intervention and the BMI of the participants, the body mass index has calculate by using the formula and then the evaluation has done on the intervention groups and control groups. In the third the examination of the significant statically of the no of the Asthma cases between the control and intervention groups has been done. This reflects the number of participants in every the groups having Asthma or not. In the fourth task the determination of the significant difference of the statistics of the baseline of the health literacy between the participants of the age criteria of the “≤20 years, 21-25 years and ≥26 years' '. For this the test has used the cross tabulation for making out the difference according to the age criteria. At last for the task 5 the investigation of the how the baseline literacy of healthy, sex and age can be used for the prediction of the body mass index of the post intervention between the participants.

References

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