Health and Social Care Essay Sample

Health & Social Care Essay

Introduction

In health and social care set-up, holistic care refers to the process, where the patient’s physical, mental, social, psychological and spiritual needs are taken into consideration while providing care and treatment. On the other hand, person-centred care focuses on an individual’s needs, preferences, and goals for promoting their well-being. It goes beyond physical health and stresses on recognising the person’s uniqueness, and social, psychological, and emotional aspects while ensuring their health and well-being (Santana et al., 2018). This essay aims to develop a person-centred, and holistic care plan for Mark based on his current health condition and specific needs. In this essay, a brief summary of the case study will be discussed and based on the case study, a care plan will have to be discussed in this essay by using the Biopsychosocial model by Engel. In this essay, some legislation and policies will also be discussed on care and management along with leadership style that healthcare professionals or care workers should adopt to ensure the long-term health and well-being of Mark through a tailored care approach. lastly, in this essay discussion will be carried out on the role of sensitive, and compassionate communication skills in relation to the case study.

Case study

According to the case scenario, Mark is a 20-year-old male who has been admitted to an acute psychiatric ward under section II of the Mental Health Act, 1983 after being brought in under section 136 by the Police. He was found wandering in a distress condition and exhibited signs of severe disorientation and paranoia which indicates the prolonged persistence of acute mental illness. After a thorough diagnosis, it was seen that he has a hallucination problem and has a belief that he might have been monitored by the FBI. Considering this, it can be stated that, Mark has immediate needs for person-centred and holistic care and psychological support to address his mental as well as physical health and distressed condition.

Discussion

Biopsychosocial model by Engel

The biopsychosocial model was developed by George Engel in 1977 as an approach to understanding mental distress through the interplay of genetic vulnerability and stressful life events (Lugg, 2022). The biopsychosocial model of Engel provides a comprehensive framework to understand and address the complex interplay between biological, social, and psychological factors to develop a care plan for any individual. Considering the case study of Mark, this model can offer a comprehensive framework to understand and address the needs of the patient from a holistic point of view. Considering the biological factors, their immediate biological needs of Mark include the proper address of his physical health, which has been compromised by his disheveled state, and lack of basic necessities including food, clothes and personal hygiene. According to this framework, the healthcare workers should conduct a thorough medical examination to assess the biological health needs of Mark including his physical injuries, and signs of neglect which need prompt medical attention for preventing further complications (Gatchel et al., 2020). Apart from that his recent lack of sleep and malnutrition also need to be managed for stabilizing his overall health and wellbeing. In such a scenario, regular monitoring and holistic care intervention by healthcare professionals are essential to ensure Mark’s physical recovery and underlying biological needs (Forman et al., 2017). Apart from biological needs, psychological factors include the mental illness and distressful condition of Mark, which also need immediate care and support. As per the case scenario, Mark, psychologically is experiencing severe distress which can further be characterised by paranoia, auditory hallucination, and a persistent disoriented behavioural approach. Mark believes that he might be monitored and controlled by external forces like the FBI, which indicates his distressful cognitive behavioural approach and lack of mental status to be engaged with reality. His fear and confusion need immediate psychiatric and psychological intervention, through which, the healthcare workers can address his delusions and hallucinations. In such a scenario, building a therapeutic alliance is important, establishing trust with Mark through empathetic communication can give him a scope to become a part of being engaged in treatment and regain mental health stability. In this scenario, cognitive behavioural strategy and pharmacological intervention can be considered as a person-centred care approach to managing his psychological health needs and well-being (McCormack and McCance, 2017). Lastly, the social factor refers to Mark’s surrounding condition. According to the case scenario, after being disappeared, Mark’s parents had filed a missing diary with the police which indicates the strong bonding and support for Mark from his parents. In this scenario, it can also be stated that assessment of the social environment of Mark refers to the identification of his living conditions and the availability of social support systems which can help in evaluating the supportive factors and stressors that might impact on recovery of the patient.

Considering the overall case scenario, and biological, psychological, and social factors of Mark, it can be stated that an integrated care approach will be best-fit for him. Integrated care models for mental health consider the whole person, including their culture, family, and community. The role of a multi-disciplinary team in an integrated care model is to ensure the health and well-being of the patient through the sharing of information, providing personalised and patient-centric informed care and planning treatment strategy by addressing the needs and preferences of the patient (van Dulmen et al., 2015). in the case of Mark, the role of MDT in care planning for the patient will include the encouragement of family involvement in decision-making, addressing Mark’s biological needs and supporting him through the provision of psychological treatment and intervention (Taberna et al., 2020). Providing a safe, and supportive environment at the hospital setup is considered to be important to engage Mark in his treatment plan, stabilize his mental condition and prepare him for a successful transition back to his community.

Legislation and policies for care and management plan for Mark

As per the case scenario, to plan holistic, person-centric and integrated care for Mar, under the Mental Health Act, 1983 Section 2, it should be important to consider the patient’s immediate biological and psychological needs and current mental health condition (Keene et al., 2019). In such a scenario, a holistic and integrated care approach will be best fit to offer effective care and therapeutic intervention to Mark. The intervention for Mark will include medication management, psychological intervention, and family involvement, whereas the holistic care plan for Mark will include a physical health assessment and social and mental health assessment. Upon consideration of the care and management plan for Mark, the legislation and policies which will be relevant for the patient are:

Mental Health Act, 1983: section 2 of the Mental Health Act, 1983 includes the provision for assessment and allows patients to be detained for 28 days (Appelbaum and Grisso, 2019). The Mental Health Act states that when an individual has been taken to hospital, the NHS staff would be responsible for providing treatment to that patient against his wish. This act also states that the detention of the patient at the hospital should be approved by the mental health professionals or AMHP, a doctor who has special training in mental disorders “section 12 approved doctor” and other healthcare professionals (Stevens et al., 2018). As per the case scenario, this act can provide a framework to safeguard the rights, and dignity of Mark by the care professionals despite his mental health status and condition, this act also provides a regulative framework to safeguard the patients who may pose a risk to themselves or others due to psychotic behaviour. Another strength of this legislation includes the structured care approach, as this mental healthcare act ensures that individual has the foremost right to receive necessary and sufficient assessment and treatment on time. However, the Mental Health Act, of 1983 is commonly known as “sectioning” which can lead to stigma and can impact on an individual’s self-esteem and social relationships (Rooney and Dray, 2019). Additionally, this act used to fail to provide autonomy to the patient, as due to the detention rule, the patient may feel a lack of autonomy, or control over his own treatment process and decision, which might lead him to develop anxiety and depression (Vine, 2018).

Apart from that, Care Act, 2014 can also be feasible for the care and management process of Mark. This act states the way the local authorities and healthcare organisations would provide care and support to the adults residing in England. This act first came into force on May 9, 2013, and the main focus of this act was to establish a legal framework for protecting adults from any abuse or neglect at healthcare setups or in society (Braye and Preston-Shoot, 2019). This act also outlines the way local authorities should assess the people’s need for care and support. This act puts the ‘strength-based approach’ at the centre of someone’s assessment, care and support and highlights ‘what is strong’ rather than ‘what is wrong’. Apart from that the Care Act, of 2014 offers a holistic care approach for healthcare professionals, where they are liable to consider the physical, emotional, and social needs of the patient. this act also provides empowerment, which encourages individuals to take part in their own treatment plan which as a whole enhances the sense of belonging, and self-worth and sense of agency among the patient despite their health condition (Dowling, 2022). According to Hannigan et al., (2018), the Care Act, 2014 has also emphasises on personalised and coordinated care, through which the biological social, and emotional needs of Mark can be addressed and fulfilled by healthcare professionals through his care and treatment plan. This act also mandates the integration of a holistic approach to care planning, which ensures that Mark’s preferences, and needs should be taken into consideration while developing his treatment plan. However, despite these opportunities, the Care Act, of 2014 also has several limitations including resource constraints. Despite offering the scope of implementing person-centred care in Mark’s treatment and management plan, this act can limit the availability of resources and variability in service provision. This can result in discrepancies in service accessibility and care quality.

Leadership style for managing the care for Mark

In managing the care of Mark who is suffering from acute psychosis, it is important to adopt an effective leadership style to provide a supportive environment in healthcare to ensure his recovery. According to research, if a healthcare team is uncoordinated or unfocused, the patient does not get the necessary treatment or care as per his necessity. In such a scenario, an effective and skilled leader can provide quality patient care through facilitating communication (Wagner et al., 2019). As per research, in a mental healthcare setup, a leader can set the tone for their team, cultivate trust between patients, families, and care providers, and create an environment where individuals can feel safe, supported, and valued (Ilies, Salagean and Beleiu, 2017). Another role of a leader in a healthcare setup is to encourage the team members to create an atmosphere to promotes open communication, empathy, and support. There are several leadership styles which can be employed in a healthcare setting, and each comes up with distinct characteristics and responsibilities in terms of patient care. for example, participative leadership or democratic leadership refers to the approach, where a leader is used to encourage collaboration among team members and provide scope for everyone to take part in decision-making (Irshad, Majeed and Khattak, 2021). With the participative leadership approach, the leaders can provide a sense of ownership among both patients, as well as among the care workers which not only can enhance the performance efficacy of the care workers but can also improve the health outcomes for the patients (Faulkner et al., 2021). On the other hand, transformational leaders try to inspire and motivate the team to take an active part in decision-making and foster an environment of innovation (Irshad, Majeed and Khattak, 2021). In a healthcare setting, this leadership approach encourages the staff to take the emotional, physical, and social needs, and preferences of the patient into consideration, and provide a supportive and integrative environment, where the patient may feel safe, respected, and valued despite their healthcare status and other factors. The servant leadership prioritise the needs of others, by emphasizing empathy, and community development. In a mental healthcare setting, this act is considered to be relevant as in this approach, the leader tries to take the patient’s experiences, and preferences into utmost consideration and foster trust as a paramount approach for healthcare service provision (Mahon, 2021). A servant leader used to focus on empowering the team, which may lead to improved collaboration and patient-centred care.

Considering the overall case study of Mark and his current health condition, servant leadership can be considered as one of the best-fit approaches for managing his care and treatment. Considering the acute mental health crisis, it is important for Mark to receive a supportive environment where he might feel safe, non-judged, and valued. A servant leader is considered to be responsible for prioritizing the needs of the patient and ensuring that Mark can receive compassionate care while his biological, social, and emotional needs are being addressed. Servant leadership emphasises on listening, and understanding which can help the care providers to address and understand the specific needs and fears of Mark, such as his belief that he is followed by external forces like the FBI. On the other hand, by addressing his emotional well-being and providing constant and consistent support, a servant leader can help Mark to feel secure, understood, and valued, which is considered to be important for his recovery process (Mcquade, Harrison and Tarbert, 2021). Additionally, the servant leadership approach prioritises the collaborative care setup, where the healthcare workers can encourage Mark’s family and his surrounding people to take an active part in his treatment plan. This holistic care approach in alignment with the principles of the Care Act 2014 can emphasise the importance of holistic, person-centred care and supporting individuals to make choices for their care (Coetzer, Bussin and Geldenhuys, 2017). Therefore, as a whole, while different other leadership approaches and styles have limitations and strengths, Servant leadership might be beneficial for Mark to provide him with supportive, compassionate and integrated care through which Mark can recover from his psychotic issues and mental illness and get back to his community and normal livelihood.

Care plan for Mark

Holistic and Person-Cantered Care:

As per the case scenario, Mark is going through severe psychosis symptoms including disorientation, and paranoia which necessitate the application of a comprehensive, and personalised care plan. According to many research, integrating integration of psychological, medical, and social intervention is important to effectively manage the acute mental health crisis for any individual (van Dulmen et al., 2015). Considering Mark’s psychological symptoms, antipsychotic medication can be considered as essential to apply for the patient. According to many research articles, atypical antipsychotic medication like Olanzapine is beneficial to manage the symptoms of psychosis. The research suggests that Olanzapine primarily acts on dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (Xia et al., 2018). By blocking the dopamine D2 receptor, Olazapine can reduce the overactivity of dopamine, which gradually reduces the symptoms of psychosis including hallucination, delusion, and disorganized thinking process, which is commonly evident in the case of Mark. apart from that Olanzapine has a strong affinity to the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, which helps in the reduction of negative symptoms of psychosis, including social withdrawal and apathy (Flint et al., 2019). To manage the psychosis behaviour, cognitive behavioural therapy can be included in the care plan of Mark. According to HARDY, (2017), cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis or CBTp is an evidence-based psychological treatment designed to help people who are suffering from psychotic disorders and symptoms. As per research, with CBT, healthcare professionals can help the patient by understanding their psychotic symptoms including delusion, and hallucination. CBT can also help in normalizing the experiences of psychosis, which can help the patient to keep control over the fear, and stigma associated with the cognitive behavioural approach (Switzer, Harper and Peck, 2019). the family involvement in care planning for the patient with psychotic behaviour is considered to be important. It can provide mental support, strength and empowerment to the patient to deal with his disorder and return to normal livelihood easily. Family support can also provide emotional stability, and assistance, which might help Mark to be stabilized in his condition and ensure the health and well-being of the patient to a considerable extent. Lastly, the discharge planning of Mark should be planned in such a way, that it just includes ongoing monitoring and continuity of care. this includes setting up outpatient follow-up appointments, coordination with community mental healthcare services, and providing necessary training and education to Mark and his family to manage his condition, and the strategy that should be followed to prevent the sudden relapse of the condition.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it can be stated that in a mental healthcare setup, the importance of holistic and integrated care cannot be overlooked. In this assessment, an in-depth analysis of the case scenario of Mark has been carried out, where Mark a 20-year-old boy is suffering from severe psychotic disorders. In this assessment, it has been stated that when it comes to developing a person-centred and holistic care plan, it should be important for healthcare providers to address the biological, social, and psychological needs of the patient by using the Biopsychosocial model and framework. In this assessment, it has been discussed that the involvement of family members in the care and management plan of a patient suffering from mental health issues is important as family involvement in the care plan provides strong support to the patient in terms of stabilising both emotional, as well as physical health condition. In this assessment, a brief discussion on the appropriateness of the servant leadership approach to care and management plan for Mark. Considering the overall condition of Mark, it can be recommended that, throughout the treatment, it should be essential for healthcare providers to respect the privacy, and dignity of Mark. It is also important that in the management process, Mark’s condition should be conducted in a private setting and consent should be asked from his parents by considering the current mental health status and incapability of Mark into consideration before implementing medicinal intervention. Open and supportive communication with Mark’s family can also be recommended, through which clear information about Mark’s condition, and treatment plan should be conveyed by care workers. With these follow-ups, the health outcome of Marl can be ensured.

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