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Healthcare policies in many countries have changed dramatically since the pandemic, and at the same time international healthcare policy has been greatly affected by the pandemic situation. Healthcare policies in the United Kingdom are also considered to be much more advanced than healthcare policies in other countries. The United Kingdom-based healthcare policy has made it very clear that UK’s government have maintained a strategic approach. This study will discuss what problems the United Kingdom is facing in the field of international health policy. At the same time, the study will discuss some strategic approaches on how these health policy-related problems can be solved.
The economy of the United Kingdom is being severely affected by multiple cultural issues, such as
“Social economic factors”
Socioeconomic factors also have a profound effect on the United Kingdom's environment. As mentioned by Yeates and Pillinger, (2018), socio-economic factor means the financial dynamics of the various mansions in a society that affect the health facilities of a country. There are many societies in the United Kingdom that have more problems with healthcare policy due to different financial conditions.
This statistic implies that there are many people in the United Kingdom whose income is very limited, and for them, providing quality healthcare services is a big problem (Johnston et al., 2021). However, at present the Government of the United Kingdom has been able to control this issue through Health Policy Improvements.
“Cultural, spiritual and religious influences on health”
The United Kingdom is also home to people of many faiths, and this poses a challenge to health care (gov.uk, 2021). The presence of people of different religions in a country indicates a diversified environment in a country, but it also creates a lot of problems for healthcare because on the basis of religion, people receive different medical services (Radwan and Farouk, 2021).
For the Government of the United Kingdom, it is considered to be a very challenging issue for healthcare service providers based on different religions because it is costly, and it is almost impossible for the overall development of a country. As stated by Ahmad et al., (2018), emphasizing the diversity of religions in healthcare facilities increases inequality in society, and that's why the United Kingdom government doesn't support it at all.
“Cultural responsiveness and religious literacy”
The United Kingdom also offers a wide range of medical knowledge from different religions, as well as religious differences (gov.uk, 2021). For example, Christianity in the United Kingdom prioritizes modern medical science, and the United Kingdom attaches importance to the traditional medical practices of a number of Buddhists. The United Kingdom has advanced medical science as well as traditional medical management, but it is almost impossible for the government here to meet these two modularly demands together (Lopatynsky-Reyes et al., 2021).
Having different medical services based on different religions is considered to be a much more challenging issue. Providing separate medical services on the basis of different religions does not support social development very much because the purpose of medical services is the same but different medical services target different people which is a big obstacle in the way of social progress (Tonkin et al., 2020).
“Cross cultural communication”
Cross-cultural communication is considered to be one of the biggest challenges for the United Kingdom (gov.uk, 2021). The United Kingdom currently has a large number of migrants who are completely different in culture and communication language. Talking to these people to find out their problems is a very challenging one for the health system in the United Kingdom. Due to cross-cultural, health industry employees need to know different languages, so in addition to maintaining proper medical care, learning in multiple languages is also a big problem (Sudo et al., 2018).
The United Kingdom is dominated by different languages, such as European language (English), South Asian language (Urdu, Hindi), Russian language, African language, Arabic language, and many more. Healthcare employees also have a lot of problems learning these different languages in order to provide proper medical care, and the issue is having a somewhat negative effect on public medical services (Gouldhawke, 2021).
“Resources”
Another challenging topic in medical services is the collection of different medical resources, and this becomes even more difficult when you have to rely on other countries to collect all these resources (gov.uk, 2021). Medical management in the United Kingdom also relies on multiple countries to collect state-of-the-art medical resources, such as America, Canada, Japan, India (in terms of medicine), and many more countries (Dixon and Knapp, 2018).
Due to the dependence of all these countries on the provision of medical resources, it is much more challenging to get the right resources at the right time, and as a result, the amount of time that Healthcare tries to maintain to advance the system is far behind (Gitobu et al., 2018). All of these adverse effects have a number of negative effects on healthcare facilities in the United Kingdom, although the Government of the United Kingdom is taking a number of advanced approaches to maintaining this whole issue.
There are significant differences between healthcare policies in the United Kingdom and healthcare policies in different countries, such as
Comparison of healthcare policies between UK and USA
Although there are several similarities between facilities and policies in the United Kingdom and US healthcare, there are also several differences. Healthcare policies in the United States are much more flexible so that religion, culture and language based areas are not a problem in providing healthcare services (Baxter et al., 2018). There is greater religious diversity in the United States than in the United Kingdom, and flexible healthcare policy is much more effective in this regard.
However, compared to that, the policy on healthcare in the United Kingdom is not very flexible. The United Kingdom also does not target any religion, society or culture in its healthcare policy, and as a result, while the healthcare system is much more advanced, it is becoming more and more challenging to reach out to different segments of society. However, following the policy of Stable Healthcare has made it possible for the United Kingdom and the healthcare system to be far more advanced than the United States (Docherty et al., 2020).
Comparison of healthcare policies between UK and Canada
Healthcare policy and structure in Canada is also known as one of the most advanced and stable structures in the world. Healthcare structures are much more stable in Canada, but the policy is much more flexible. As noted by Gouldhawke (2021), the Healthcare system in Canada tries to maintain a specific policy, such as Federal Healthcare Policy, and because of this policy, healthcare systems in Canada also have the freedom to make flexible decisions. This federal policy is putting the Canadian health system at greater risk due to the flexible attitude of the government in this case (Gouldhawke, 2021).
On the other hand, healthcare in the United Kingdom has no political image in Sustamp, and in this case all control rests with the government, so the United Kingdom government likes to hear criticism before making any big decisions, and this is helping the healthcare system to improve a lot (Habibi et al., 2020).
Comparison of healthcare policies between UK and Japan
As well as being technologically advanced, Japan's medical system is far ahead of most developed countries. As mentioned by Adams (2018), two very important issues are helping to innovate and advance the healthcare system in Japan, such as technology advancement, and non-cross cultural communication. Unlike the United Kingdom, Japan does not have a communication problem, which is why the medical system here is able to focus on a tight spot.
Compared to that, the United Kingdom is currently plagued by more religious people, and that's why the healthcare system and policy in the United Kingdom lags far behind that in Japan (Bareket-Bojmel et al., 2021). Technology implementation is a very advanced note in the healthcare policy of the United Kingdom, which is why Japan is far ahead in this regard.
Comparison of healthcare policies between UK and France
Although the system is much more advanced in France and Healthcare, there is a lack of foresight in the medical policy here. Healthcare facilities in France are very flexible and its structure is not very stable, so the medical policy here is not very advanced, and the government's foresight in healthcare in the United Kingdom has made it much more advanced than that (Rogers et al., 2020).
Moreover, the pandemic situation has proved how messy the medical system is in France. Therefore, it can be said that even though the healthcare system is very advanced in France, it is not ready for any pandemic situation in the country. However, compared to that, the healthcare facility in the United Kingdom is ready for any pandemic situation, which is why this healthcare system in the United Kingdom is also considered to be much more futuristic (Nicola et al., 2020).
Comparison of healthcare policies between UK and Russia
Although Russia is now known as one of the healthiest systems in the world, it has a lot of traditional touches as well as advances. Due to the vast diversification of the territory of Russia, there is a mixture of different cultures, societies and religions, and because of this, the management of the United Kingdom is getting much more advanced day by day. As stated by Docherty et al., (2020), although Russia's health policy is not much better than that of the United Kingdom, there are differences between the medical facilities here.
From the above information it is clear that in many cases the healthcare policy of the United Kingdom is far ahead, and in some respects, the United Kingdom's healthcare policy lags far behind other countries. However, the lack of technology and flexibility in healthcare systems in the United Kingdom is well understood.
There are two divisions in the structure of healthcare in the United Kingdom, such as NHS (National Health Services) Hospitals (which is free), and Independent or private hospitals (which is paid) (Yeates and Pillinger, 2018).
NHS hospital services structures
In the case of the National Health Service, the Government of the United Kingdom has noticed a significant impact on the free healthcare system. In this case, in addition to collecting funds from certain governments, a lot of donations are taken, and in this case there is a lot of reliance on the private sector (Johnston et al., 2021). In addition to the various medical faculties in the United Kingdom, the National Health Service does a lot of diversification work, such as development of a medical camp, free supply of medical equipment, free medical home services, and many more. No discrimination will be tolerated in this case, and all members of society will be treated equally.
Although this medical structure works with a very modest attitude, in this case the government has complete control. In case of any policy change in the case of these medical services, the final decision is taken by the Government, and in this case a new policy-related bill is passed, depending on the various sessions of the United Kingdom-Parliament (Radwan and Farouk, 2021). Therefore, in this case, it can be said that the structure of the National Health Service is much more dependent on political activity, but the government of the United Kingdom has been trying to reduce political considerations in order to maintain this.
Services provided through the National Healthcare Service where multiple local services are also valued. For example, different subdivision hospitals Government control over district hospitals, and hospitals providing small medical services. By expanding these services, the Government of the United Kingdom aims to provide medical services to every corner of society (Ahmad et al., 2018). These services have been kept very low in order to avoid any discrepancy. It can be said that this structure of the National Health Service makes it possible to make the health services in the United Kingdom much more flexible, and with that, social progress in the United Kingdom is being given much more priority (Lopatynsky-Reyes et al., 2021).
Independent or private hospitals structures
Private healthcare services are plentiful in the United Kingdom, targeting only a limited number of people. In this case, those customers who have a much higher income capacity are targeted more. As opined by Tonkin et al., (2020), one of the reasons the services and infrastructure in the healthcare in the United Kingdom is so much improved is because of the policy of the private sector here because the private sector police are much more independent and flexible; all people are treated equally in these places. However, fundraising is considered to be the most effective way to run a service in private healthcare, and in this case financial demand can be very well controlled through various private companies and bank loans (Sudo et al., 2018).
The demand and supply of technology implementation and other advanced facilities is much higher in the private sector, and because of this, the efficiency of the structure in private healthcare is much higher than that of government structures (Gouldhawke, 2021). In addition, medical organizations affiliated with private healthcare facilities are directly connected to the international market, so much help is easily available from the foreign market in this sector. Many experts believe that the performance of the private health care system has led to a significant increase in the healthcare industry in the United Kingdom, and as a result, it has a huge positive effect on the GDP of the United Kingdom (Dixon and Knapp, 2018).
In addition, the number of public welfare services in the United Kingdom is increasing, which is helping to build social health services. The healthcare sector has become much more popular in the United Kingdom due to its independent attitude, and the decision making and problem solving approach in the private healthcare sector is much more advanced to work with this independent attitude (Gitobu et al., 2018). All of these structure-based approaches have made healthcare infrastructure in the United Kingdom much more advanced and effective.
A special survey has revealed that the healthcare system in the United Kingdom is also experiencing multiple disadvantages, such as -
Lack of staff
The number of employees in the healthcare structure of the United Kingdom is also declining day by day due to the pandemic situation, and the United Kingdom's healthcare structure is weakening due to a lack of medical staff (statista, 2021). Many employees have quit their jobs due to pandemic situations and many employees have faced physical problems.
In addition, due to the government's reluctance to increase the number of medical staff, various medical sources, especially government sources, are having a negative impact. The medical infrastructure in the United Kingdom has slowed down due to all these problems.
Problems in access to treatment
Due to the low number of employees, it is becoming more and more difficult to provide medical services to a large number of people in a pandemic situation (statista, 2021). As a result, people seeking medical care have long been on the waiting list, and this has had a somewhat negative effect on society in the United Kingdom.
Although the healthcare system is much more advanced in the United Kingdom, social development is lagging behind due to such a situation, and because of that, there are a lot of questions about the development of the United Kingdom.
Lack of investment
The demand for healthcare companies in the United Kingdom has increased significantly since the pandemic, but due to a lack of funding, the healthcare sector in the United Kingdom is weakening (statista, 2021). Not being able to invest properly can lead to many problems in investing in healthcare services which is a matter of great concern.
Moreover, the pandemic situation has had a far greater negative impact on the business environment in the United Kingdom, and as a result, it is becoming more and more difficult to get investment from the private sector. The government is facing a lot of problems to take effective decisions due to lack of proper investment.
Aging issues
A number of experts in the survey also found that the problem of aging in the United Kingdom is increasing every year, and because of this, the healthcare facilities in the United Kingdom are becoming so crowded that it is difficult to provide adequate services to all people (statista, 2021).
Healthcare facilities in the United Kingdom are at great risk due to aging problems and it is impossible to use foresight in this regard. The United Kingdom is also not taking a very good approach from the government to solve these problems, and as a result, the problem is getting worse day by day.
The United Kingdom's Healthcare sector is also facing a number of other problems that are weakening the healthcare structure, such as bureaucracy, poor quality treatment, low standard services, safety issues, and many more (statista, 2021).
1. Identifies the national and international public health campaigns and analyze their impact on the demand for healthcare
HPV vaccination: UK government initiated a lot of campaigns related to the HPV vaccination for men and women. This process reduces a lot of cervical pre-cancer cases among all the vaccinated persons. Physical interaction may be a cause of the infection of the disease. The motive of the whole campaign is to produce awareness among the people who are infected by this disease and it also increases their self-confidence for surviving. The government selects some healthcare centers that provide some doctors who will analyze all the patients who come to join the campaigns. Most of the facilities are free of cost. The campaigns are now providing this vaccine to those aged 12-13 for making hard immunities. After a lot of analysis, the rate of cervical pre-cancer has reduced most in Scotland. According to public health England, they are making a target that they will prevent about 60 thousand cervical cancer cases and nearly about 50 thousand other HPV-related disorders by the year 2058.
Breast cancer awareness campaigns: Breast cancer has become one of the significant problems for the women of the UK. An analysis found that in the UK 2 out of 10 people are affected by breast cancer. The main target of the campaigns is to raise awareness among women about how they can deal with breast cancer (Sheldon, 2022). Sometimes the government makes unity in the healthcare organizations so that everyone can be a part of this noble work. The doctors analyze the conditions of the breasts and then some tests are taken. Depending on the test report, the doctors prescribe the conclusions related to breast cancer. In case of a positive report, the doctors go for the next treatment of that patient.
Covid-19 awareness program: This program is done internationally and most of the campaigns are organized in online mode because of the higher infection of the various. In the middle of 2020, the infection of the covid-19 virus was very high. Most healthcare centers were making a lot of awareness about the precautions required for the covid-19 infection (Rafferty, 2022). The doctors were prescribing medicines online. The whole process becomes efficient and people can reach healthcare online. The campaigns were conducted internationally as the responses were very good from the people.
International AIDS prevention campaigns: The UK government takes a lot of initiatives for spreading different precautions against the infection of AIDS. Healthcare organizations promote the actual way of physical relations and the required precautions for physical relations. They also explain the importance of birth control and protection while having sex.
Impact on the demand for healthcare -
2. Analysis of public health issues and how well this is achieved
Health issues for taking alcohol:
High consumption of alcohol can create a huge problem for physical as well as mental. Nearly 2 million people in the UK are suffering from liver disease in the entire year. The crime rates are also increasing related to alcohol consumption. The rate of liver cancers is increasing day by day. The UK government plays a significant role in handling the use of alcohol. Healthcare organizations are spreading some positive facts related to an alcohol-free life. The doctors are dedicating their life to saving all the people who are victims of liver cancer, but the patients need to be very conscious about their health issues.
Highly diabetic:
Bad food habits, consumption of high sugar, or a lot of things can be a reason for high diabetes. Healthcare organizations are providing a healthy diet chart for all diabetic patients. Some of the patients need to take insulin and the expenses are very high. Some government schemes make the whole process free for the patients. This disease is not only common for old persons but also for young generations affected by it. The doctors of the healthcare organizations will explain how the patients can change their food habits and how they can prevent diabetes (Punton et al., 2022).
Unprotected sex:
Young generations are the main victims of unprotected sex. Unprotected sex can be a reason for many sexual diseases for the citizens of the UK. Healthcare organizations are explaining all the effects of unprotected sex. The government of the UK is preparing different rules for unprotected sex. The healthcare centers are protecting all patients. The current generation has a lot of options, that's why their immaturity will entertain them to take the wrong steps in their life. Unprotected sex can be a death for a person. The demand for healthcare centers is increasing due to the best treatment. The doctors are very skillful and they will explain the bad effects of unprotected sex. Sometimes the healthcare centers organize some online sessions and they use slides. The patients will understand the exact situation after unprotected sex. In this way, the demand for healthcare centers is increasing day by day.
Seasonal fever:
Seasonal fever is a common problem for all the citizens of the UK. Those people who have low immunity power suffer the most from seasonal fever. The healthcare centers provide some basic medicines for handling the fever for a long time. Sometimes the patients cannot tolerate the season change, and that's why they suffer from fever. The doctors take some tests on the patients, and depending on the test, they prescribe the medicines. The patients need to complete the whole medicine course.
Covid-19:
The government of the UK is announcing some guidelines depending on the covid-19 virus. The pandemic situation was very hectic for the citizens of the UK. Worldwide lockdown breaks the economical states of every country. The health care centers are explaining how the patients can take precautions against the infection of the covid-19 virus. They also promote the use of masks everywhere. The staff of the healthcare centers is not allowing the patients in the healthcare centers if they are not wearing masks. The healthcare centers are making a lot of banners to spread awareness regarding the covid-19 pandemic situation.
Cardiac arrest:
Cardiac arrest has also become a major problem for the citizens of the UK. Cardiac arrest can be a reason for death. The death rate causing cardiac arrest has increased by 10% in the last 5 years. The government is organizing some campaigns where the doctors are explaining how to care for people's hearts. Mental health is also very important for people because, if the person is mentally stable, then he/she can be physically stable. The main target of the camps is to promote a healthy life. Bad food habits also increase the level of cholesterol and also it can cause heart blockages. The doctors and the nurses are treating properly to decrease the rate of cardiac arrest.
Brain stroke:
A lot of analysis says that in the UK the rate of brain stroke has increased by 25% every year. People in the UK become very busy because of their tight schedules, that are why they don't have extra time for self-caring. The healthcare centers are promoting some messages about how to be free from brain stroke. This thing can happen to old aged persons or middle-aged persons.
1. Identify current international or national health issues
Obesity or overweight: Obesity is a very common problem for the people of the UK. The citizens are very busy with their corporate life, that's why they don't have extra time for exercise or gym. Most of the time, they sit in an air-conditioned room and work with computers. Obesity can create a lot of heat-related problems. Due to the higher body weight, the immune system also becomes weak. The doctors of the healthcare centers suggest some free hand exercise for the people who are suffering from Obesity (Chen et al., 2022). The corporate workers may have a lot of work, but they need to find a little bit of time for their exercise. The patients need to follow a proper diet routine prescribed by the dietician.
Environmental factors: A lot of environmental factors can spread a lot of diseases among a large group of people. Some of the environmental factors are floods, air pollution, soil pollution, and a lot more. Climate change is also a major environmental factor for health issues. Sometimes the people migrate from one location to another and they feel different weather (Hansford et al. 2022). Due to the different weather conditions, people may have a cough or cold. Sometimes they drink polluted water, and after that, they face some stomach problems. The patients need to maintain a proper sanitization process which will help them to prevent these types of problems.
Non-communicable diseases: Some non-communicable diseases are stroke, cancer, diabetes, and a lot more. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), non-communicable diseases are the reason for nearly 70 percent of worldwide deaths. These diseases are caused by poor diets, inactivity, unhealthy lifestyles, and a lot more. One of the major reasons for these diseases is the high consumption of alcohol or tobacco.
2. Access how national policy accommodates the issue
Public health is a major concern in any country. In England, the Department of Health is in charge of these matters like social care, delivery of public healthcare, and developing of new policies and strategies to develop the healthcare system and providing them resources and monitoring them by setting national standards. It's even responsible for the direction of the NHS. In Britain, there is a state-sponsored system known as the National Health Service or the NHS where everything including ambulance rides to emergency room visits, complicated surgeries, long stay, and chemotherapy - everything is free of cost.
These are paid by payroll taxes. Most of the medicines that a person gets during their hospital stay are free of cost and the medicines at the pharmacy are just a few dollars. There are private hospitals in the UK as well but no one wants to go there due to their high cost. Since 2008 due to the financial crisis everywhere, the NHS has been growing but at a slow pace as the government has been taking low tax payrolls in the UK.
Not a single politician or political party would even think of privatizing the NHS. Some even say that the NHS is the closest thing the British people have to a religion. The NHS helped to improve the quality of healthcare for everyone in the nation as completely free healthcare was available to everyone just based on citizenship instead of payment of huge fees or any kind of insurance. The NHS England has 37 nationally consistent commissioning policies as a whole. It even united the medical staff like doctors, and nurses under one service (Troccoli et al., 2022).
In 2017, a report made by the Commonwealth Fund ranked the UK as the best healthcare system in the world among all the developed countries and was ranked the best in the effective, safe, coordinated, patient-oriented care process and equity.
The PHE (Public Health England) was constructed to protect and maintain the health and well-being of all its citizens and people and by reducing the health inequalities that exist. Their main responsibilities are -
Reducing the health inequalities and making the lives healthier of the public by promoting healthier lifestyle choices. It advises and supports the government, the NHS, and the public.
Several public health functions have been transferred to the NHS from the PHE since 1 Oct 2021 and the NHS is now the controller of personal data for these functions under the UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) and Data Protection Act 2018.
3. The practical responses to these issues in their chosen national context.
The United Kingdom, being a sovereign state on the northwestern coast of Europe, is known for providing public healthcare to all permanent residents of the country (Smith et al.,2022). The government of the United Kingdom has sponsored a universal healthcare system, the National Health Service (NHS). Every citizen is entitled to healthcare according to this system developed as per the national policies of the United Kingdom. This system claims more power and information for patients, more hospitals and beds, more doctors, nurses, and other healthcare staff, improvement in the waiting time for appointments, improved healthcare for older patients, and gradual development in their respective policies.
The National Health Services had faced severe issues for the past couple of years (Troccoli et al., 2022). To address such issues and combat them, the government of the United Kingdom had come up with several practical responses. Some of those responses were the reinforcement of improved patient care policies which covered protocols and workflow for treatment procedures along with the outlining of how the professionals were supposed to respond to specific medical situations (Kumar et al., 2022). The government had also introduced modified employee health policies because the authorities governing the functionality of the healthcare industry must themselves be fit and fine to address the healthcare issues faced by the public. The health of employees is a crucial factor on which the smooth functioning of an effective facility depends. This policy includes rules regarding the consumption of alcohol, cigarettes, and tobacco in the workplace, incorporation of gloves and masks while working to reduce the risk of exposure to toxins, chemicals, and illnesses, and maintenance of a proper schedule such as healthy eating. Another vital policy developed by the nation is the drug policy.
These involve identification and understanding of the procedures that are required for administering and tackling pharmaceuticals, irrespective of the medication being controlled or non-controlled. These policies also govern the necessary actions which have to be implemented in case the inventory is missing, if the incorrect medication is prescribed or if other mishaps or errors related to drug handling occur (Cubi-Molla et al., 2021).
Security and privacy policies have also been imposed by the government of the United Kingdom as a practical response to healthcare issues. These issues look after the actions to be incorporated in case of any security threat in the facility. According to the policy, every employee and medical staff must be aware of the security processes and implement them whenever required.
One of the practical responses of the national policies of the United Kingdom to the healthcare issues was observed during the covid 19 pandemic period (Muthuppalaniappan et al., 2021). The government had imposed strict lockdowns all over the country to combat the rapid spread of the virus. They had also come up with strict healthcare protocols like keeping a check upon citizens whether they were wearing masks and maintaining social distance or not. The government had also worked on increasing the number of beds in hospitals to ensure every affected person gets proper treatment (Bodansky et al., 2021). They have also distributed masks and sanitizers among the poor and underprivileged people so that they remain safe.
Conclusion
After discussing the above entire study, it can be concluded that for the Government of the United Kingdom, it is considered to be a very challenging issue for healthcare service providers based on different religions because it is costly. There are many societies in the United Kingdom that have more problems with healthcare policy due to different financial conditions. It is also known that the healthcare facility in the United Kingdom is ready for any pandemic situation, which is why this healthcare system in the United Kingdom is also considered to be much more futuristic.
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