The Political Thought Of John Mill

Introduction - The Political Thought Of John Mill

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Utilitarianism is a theory on the basis of morality which states different types of actions which cherish happiness and oppose the actions which are related to the concept of unhappiness. This theory conducted different types of decisions which are based on socio economic conditions and the political aspects. There are several types of key factors which are very important to the concept of utilitarianism. On the basis of this theory, the actions of happiness and several actions related to unhappiness are very essential components. This theory proposed the betterment of the people. On the basis of the theory of utilitarianism, the theory of utilitarianism is very important. The goal of this theory is to examine the ethics of utilitarianism on the basis of morals. The ethics state different types of actions that are right when these actions encourage the happiness of the human. In the theory of Mill, several types of pleasures are very important components of this theory. In this theory, very simple ethics like mankind, different types of the actions based on liberty, opinion related to the public opinion, several types of restrictions on the basis of paternalistic view as well as moralistic view are very important. On the basis of the theory of Mill, there are some aspects are very important which are purpose of the Mill in his theory of utilitarianism, the concept of free society according to Mill, role of different types of sphere related to the public and private aspects and the importance of the class are very important factors which are very relevant on this context.

Interpretation and analysis

Mill states utilitarianism as the belief which determines the theory of life as the basis of morals. On the basis of his theory, different kinds of pleasures are very valuable in the context of the internal qualities. On the basis of theory, Mill connects all the behavioral aspects in the context of the concept of life.

John Stuart mill is the English philosopher, politician, civil servant. In on liberty john is one of the john mill’s very powerful works and also remains in one of the most read today. In this book Mill clarifies the conception of self freedom within the background of his information on the history and the state. In this liberty mill depends on the information that the society should be advanced from reduced to greater stages and that is the advance concluded in the evolution of a rule of commissioner democracy. It is the situation of this form of government that Mill anticipated the growth and advanced liberty. Mill's civil liberty is to describe that the power of the society is divided to each and everyone. Mill also initiated a historical reconsideration of the concept of liberty. Starting with Greece and Rome and the process to England. In the earlier liberty is elaborate, mainly secure from tyranny. Over time the meaning of liberty is to be alternated forward with the role of the rulers. Who are portrayed as servants of the people rather than the master. The progression raises a new issue: the tyranny of the maximum, in which a constitutional majority personifies its will on the opposition. The case of the relationship can also act as a tyrannical power even on the surface of the political domain (Quaye, 2021). He also analyzes the question that one or more persons should be capable of decreasing another person's privilege to express a different point of view. Mill also argues that any kind of activity which is improper, no matter how farther the bleached that person's angle may be. Mills also discusses that the people who are influenced to avoid views should be approved to act on them without being built the social fugitive or also facing some constitutional punishment. Action is not a free frame of reference, or the ideas and the law must be a certain deadline of all behavior whose application would damage others.

According to Mill, his concepts are based on individual freedom and what is based on the state and the history. Mill conducts a historical events based review to construct the theory of liberty. The concept of liberty changes his view on the context of the rulers. The evolution process of liberty brings some problems. According to Mill, liberty can be classified into three segments which must be considered by the society. The first segment is based on the thinking process and view related to liberty. Second segment states about the freedom of the people and the third segment dictates that relation between liberty and the individuals who have the similar perspective of view as well as similar purpose. In his theory, he determines the queries related to the individual’s freedom related aspects to describe the exclusive point of view on the basis of liberty (Hollander, 2019.). In the context of Mill’s viewpoint, popularity is not essential for the correction of the aspect related to the individual’s opinion. On the basis of Mill’s concept, he determines the dissent as the liberty of the individual to keep and specify unpopular views. He proposes that people are erroneous and this is essential for them to try different ways of living for the betterment of life. In the context of his point of view, actions are not considered as the liberal as thought processes. In society, there are some issues which prevent the individual’s liberty. Mill denies the social contract related concept where people are considered as a part of the society and this people is considered that society may grant some several forms of security in the context of form of responsibility. In the theory of Mill, people are not responsible to society on the basis of behavioral aspects and different types of actions which may have an impact on these individuals. On the basis of the context, an individual is responsible for several types of behavioral aspects and actions which have adverse effects on others. It is the duty of society to judge these behavioral aspects and actions.

The main difference between the public and private sphere is about the politics which are involved in both places. The word private means that it is open for a limited number of persons who have the permission to enter the sphere. On the other hand the word public means that the sphere is open to all. People do not need to take permission to enter the public sphere. In the public sphere, people have the choice to exchange their opinions. It will approach democracy. According to Mill, citizens should communicate with each other to gain political knowledge. This communication is important to build up the nation's political issues. People should have the right of freedom to speak to form their strong opinion. Public debates are mainly included in it (Rajabi, and Shamsollahi, 2020). There is a clear allocation of work in the public sphere. But the private sphere is exactly opposite of the public sphere. Public sphere allows the people to share the thoughts of each other. It will help to know many unknown facts about a nation's economy. When more people are involved in the political discussion, it will help to generate new thoughts. It can be helpful to understand the method of handling the situation in the negative circumstances. This openness will provide the happiness which can create inner peace. This freedom provides the way to get rid of the sufferings (Ganoung, 2020). On the other side, the private sphere looks like a home. There are fewer people in the private sphere. There are some different advantages and disadvantages in the public and private sphere. When the number of participants are involved in the sphere. It will help to make the communication skills stronger. But sometimes it creates unnecessary chaos. The social life of an individual is discussed under the private sphere. The discussions are made in small meetings.

According to Mill’s harm principle the harmful things are smoking cigarettes, doing the deadly stunts, drinking excessive alcohol etc. which are considered the most dangerous things the people have done. They have to point out their own motive from where it comes. Excess is very dangerous for those people who have performed the dangerous stunts and also for smoking and drinking with the consumption of weed. Mill has explained the suffering of people which have made their life worse by their own choice. When it comes to families, things are getting very hard. But for mountaineers and sea divers there are not the same rules. Endurance does not mean inspiration. Mill does not want the people to smoke and drink, in fact they have to quit these bad things (Birnbacher, 2021). They have to think for them to learn and grow and stop making mistakes. They have to be guided and control their limits but that is not enough for them. If they have reasons to not smoke and drink excessively to give guidance to those who have harmed themselves by doing this kind of activity. Things will get very hard when it comes to the topic of harm to others but Mill has given the consideration where the condescendence has allowed.

According to Mill's philosophy, gender equality is important to grow an economy. It is important to provide equal importance to men and women both. His view is that every gender should be treated equally and the comparison should not be based on the gender. He believed that slavery cannot improve an economy (Beshenich, 2019). He thinks that an individual can enjoy his or her freedom without harming other people. In Mill’s time, the status of women was ignored by society. Women did not have the right to vote. Women were restricted to stay under the governance of men. Mill was worried about the state of the women. The goal was to provide the same power to both genders to live their lives freely. He thought that women’s intellect is important to progress the economy fully. He wanted to empower women from his point of view.

Conclusion

According to the theory of utilitarianism of John Stuart Mill, this theory acts as a theory based on the morality aspect. It defines utilitarianism as a concept based on the ethics that the actions are right and this has the probability to enhance happiness and the wrong aspect promotes the opposite side of happiness. In this theory, Mill considers happiness as joy in the time of absence of pain. He considered that pleasure can be classified as a quality and quantity aspect. These pleasures have a deep connection to an individual's high abilities. In his theory, he considers that the achievement of the people has aims and ends. In the concept of utilitarianism, sentiments which might be original that propagate from humans’ nature are based on social aspects. In his theory, he considered that happiness is the core basis of mortality. On the basis of mortality, an individual never wishes for anything but happiness. According to the definition of happiness, Mill describes the extension of justice which is related to the sentiment which is basically based on utility and the rights which have the existence on the basis of the happiness which is very much needed. The theory based on utilitarianism has been discussed for many arguments. These arguments hold that it does not give sufficient security for the rights of the people. Happiness is very complicated in the term of behavior which is reflected by this theory. Mill determines the definition of the concept of utilitarianism and it determines some misconception related to the theory. There are different aspects which are discussed here to determine the relevance of the theory of the concept of the Mill.

Reference list

Journals

Beshenich, C., 2019. UTILITARIANISM: ITS HISTORY AND MODERN APPEARANCES.

Bianchini, V., 2018. James and John Stuart Mill on The Felicific Calculus: Two Close Views?.

Birnbacher, D., 2021. Utilitarianism and Responsibility for the Future. Utilit y, p.1.

Das, D., 2020. UTILITARIANISM AND LONGING FOR HAPPINESS. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 17(6), pp.13246-13251.

Fadri, Z., 2021. The Utilitarianism Perspective in A Life of Harmony to Reduce Mass Violence. Ishlah: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin, Adab dan Dakwah, 3(2), pp.163-175.

Ganoung, I., 2020. Utilitarian Ethics: The Focus on the Ends.

Hollander, S., 2019. John Stuart Mill and the Jewish Question: Broadening the Utilitarian Maximand. Happiness and Utility, p.245.

Iwuagwu, E.K., 2021. John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism: A Panacea to Nigeria’s Socio-Political Quagmire. Cogito-Multidisciplinary Research Journal, (4), pp.66-85.

Lustila, G.L., 2018. John Gay and the Birth of Utilitarianism. Utilitas, 30(1), pp.86-106.

Quaye, R.M., 2021. Utilitarianism and ethics of respect among undergraduate students of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation, Obafemi Awolowo University).

Rajabi, A. and Shamsollahi, S.H., 2020. Critical Analysis of Moral Utilitarianism in the View of John Stuart Mill From the Perspective of Allameh Ja’fari. Research Quarterly in Islamic Ethics, 13(47), pp.51-72.

Stanziani, A., 2021. Utilitarianism and the question of free labor in Russia and India, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. International Journal of Asian Studies, 18(2), pp.153-171.