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The concept of privacy is associated with the fundamental human right which underpins the freedom of thought, expression and association along with freedom of discrimination (Lukács, 2016). The emergence of information technology and rapid advancement has encouraged all the traditional procedures to be digitalised which has enabled the procedures to become more advanced. Hence, the use of information technology has increased, simultaneously, the threat of personal information and identity has risen. In the same way, healthcare organisations due to the extensive implication of information technology have exposed this sector to face multiple challenges including data privacy.
Fair information practices are defined as a set of standards that governs a set of standards that safeguard the collection and utilise personal information and address privacy and accuracy challenges (Garfinkel, 2002). The Committee's investigation into how internet entities obtain and use personal details, as well as security measures to ensure that practice is fair and gives sufficient data privacy and security, resulting in the Fair Information Practice Principles. This particular project will be highlighting multiple aspects associated with the implication of Information systems in a healthcare organisation (Case and King, 2021). In this regard, the report will discuss the causes making healthcare organisations vulnerable and multiple internet challenges associated with data, privacy and intellectual property protection. Alongside, ways to protect the privacy of the online user and a discussion on protecting privacy will be drawn. Lastly, two ways of protecting intellectual rights and a recommendation will be developed.
Data benefits in saving a life. This is particularly significant in the context of healthcare. Healthcare practitioners, doctors, and nursing staff who have access to patient and population health information can end up making critical care choices that can greatly affect their service users' lives (Dhillon, 1997). Obtaining patient data into the hands of the right people as rapidly as possible is dependent on health information systems that smoothly and intelligently integrate medical services and information technology. A health information system allows healthcare institutions to obtain, store, maintain, analyse, and optimise patient treatment pasts as well as other valuable data.
These mechanisms also make it simple for healthcare practitioners to collect information about microenvironments, such as public health dynamics (Humaidi and Balakrishnan, 2018). Furthermore, health information systems offer information about particular providers or healthcare institutions, such as frequently utilised therapies or initiatives associated with the better result. Health information systems are used by physicians and nurses to consider making data-driven choices about varied aspects of patient care. Fast access to personal health records, for example, could indeed reveal prior forms of treatment.
Supervisors can also benefit from health information systems because they can analyse statistical data regarding various departments or processes to better assign the company's resources. Due to these multiple advantages, the healthcare system has become extensively dependent upon information technology.
Computer-based information devices are prone to ruination, misapplication, erroneous, scams, and hardware and software failings because data is focused in digital form and many processes are rendered obscure through automated processes. Corporate systems which use the Web are highly vulnerable because the Internet is crafted to be an open platform, making a company's organisational internal systems more vulnerable to outsider deeds. Cybercriminals can launch denial-of-service (DoS) threats or infiltrate corporate networks to potentially cause framework interruptions. Attackers can pass easily Wi-Fi systems via using sniffer programmes to acquire contact information and access the network's resources. Computer viruses and other malware can rapidly spread from network to network, clogging computer memory and ruining programmes and data. Because software defects may be difficult to eliminate and security holes can be manipulated by cyber criminals which cause software problems. Errors can be introduced by the end-user.
Healthcare information security has emerged as among the most major threats to the healthcare sector. Because of the specific details underlined in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) laws, as well as the highest ethical standards to treat individuals and the harm that health care system security flaws can have on their lives, IT experts must constantly confront healthcare security and privacy issues (Shoniregun, Dube and Mtenzi, 2010). The dilemma of shared healthcare data is that it both tends to make patients safe and secure along puts them at risk. The wider the channel grows, the more beneficial that becomes in delivering superior medical treatment, but its information is becoming more appealing to criminal activities. Healthcare cybersecurity threats are a big problem for a multitude of reasons:
Along with the patient’s health records, medical providers also possess financial data.
As, the number of people who visit healthcare centres is not a limited number, as a result, almost every person’s data is available to them in some form. Because EHRs are linked, cybercriminals have direct exposure to data that has been gathered under patients' identities for decades (Azubuike and Ehiri, 1999). Sharing patient data is essential to providing the best care to patients, but it also tends to make channels a highly valuable primary target. In many cybersecurity threats, the attacker's objective is to collect information — either to sell or to use for personal benefit. With the data available in electronic health records, a random person could have established consultations, undertaken costly surgical treatments, or acquired prescribed drugs in the patient's name. In such instances, the patient or the health provider may be held liable for the charges or treatments.
The healthcare industry is evolving with new technologies and the security threats are also increasing day by day. One of the biggest security threats healthcare organisations face today is related to health information exchange and electronic health records. According to the 2009 Recovery act, HITECH encourages healthcare providers to utilise Health information exchange (HIE) to assist doctorsto share data and electronic health records (EHR) for patients. As the network benefits in storing a large number of medical data between multiple providers which tempt data thieves. Another data security hazard faced by healthcare is of HER is the simplest patient-user error (Dang et al., 2019). Storing data in an unencrypted folder in the cloud or the data is sent via email which hackers can easily access these data.
Patient privacy is the fundamental right of every patient. due to the rise of digitalisation, the accessibility of these records is increasing exponentially (Rana, Kubbo and Jayabalan, 2017). The main privacy issue faced by organisations is relating to giving protection towards health information. The rise of electronic exchange of data between healthcare providers has grown privacy and security challenges. Mostly, a data breach is caused by employee mistakes and outright carelessness which seems to be growing every year. Furthermore, the use of mobile device put patients at risk. Lost and stolen mobile device is considered as one of the major cause of data breach (Abouelmehdi, Beni-Hessane and Khaloufi, 2018). Another cause imposing challenge in privacy is medical identity theft.
Currently, intellectual property is at the heart of healthcare systems which benefit in the present research and development of today's medicine. The most crucial challenge faced by healthcare organisations is related to compulsory licensing. Furthermore, the procedure of keeping a patent is a costly procedure that requires a large amount of money for maintenance as well. As a result, the overall cost of healthcare organisations increases.
Protection of individual privacy is indeed necessary for all kinds of organisation. There are certain ways that might be able to safeguard the Individual privacy of Internet Users.
Informed Consent is considered a significant element in terms of data protection of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Informed Consent or confidentiality basically refers to giving importance to patients' perception about collecting any information or any kind of procedure regarding the person (Kreuter et al., 2020). Therefore, it has been observed that the major ideologies reinforcement of GDPR is to enlarge digital citizen consciousness surrounding consent in terms of data processing and practice. This has substantial implications in terms of data processing and practice in a healthcare context. In order to make certain digital citizens who are up to date during the time of consenting to the utilisation of IoT, within the health sphere of authority, it is essential that the requirement of the digital citizen is congregated to guarantee that they consist of the information they required to make knowledgeable choices.
Regulations
There are some privacy protection regulations for keeping secure individual information. These laws are found to be extremely effective in terms of safeguarding information.
There are many effective ways to Protect Intellectual Property Rights and this has been proved quite helpful after applying in multiple organisations.
3. Conclusion
After analysing the entire report, it can be stated that in the present world, information technology appeals to be of great importance in the healthcare sector. As the application of information technology has made the healthcare operational procedure smoother a result in the efficiency of these procedures have increased. There are certain privacy and data security threats that are causing a challenge for the industry but the adaption of these two measures will benefit healthcare organisations to mitigate these challenges which will benefit the entire procedure to be more efficient and more productive. As a result, the need for patient care will be easily mitigated.
These are the following recommendations for the HDS group to deal with the problematic situations of privacy and intellectual property related issues:
A project is a collection of tasks to be done in order to achieve a particular goal. A project can also be described as a combination of outputs and inputs necessary to reach that goal. Projects can be simple or complex, and they can be handled by one or a hundred people. There are certain characteristics that consist of a project, which includes,
The project initiation document is associated with the document which describes the scope of a project, risks, other significant details. The main purpose of the project initiation document is to acquire chief planning data which will assist in steering the project in the right way, acquire acceptance from the stakeholders and decision-makers and build an apparent plan in terms of project delivery. A project face lacks direction and poor engagement from stakeholders because of not initiating project initiation document. A project management document is a living document that can be modified and updated over the span of the project life cycle. Hence, the project initiation document is significant as it delivers management stages that describe the overall project. This project ensures resource availability, delivers a time-based baseline based upon this progress that can be measured.
Project scope is considered to be an integral part of project planning which is basically associated with determining and documenting a variety of project deliverables, responsibilities, costs and objectives. In other words, it is a project management plan which basically involves making certain of accomplishing any work in an exact time as per the requirement (Kwon and Kang, 2019). In terms of the project scope statement, it is, therefore, the concern of the manager to successfully manage the project. The project scope statement will operate as the most important instrument in terms of stakeholders and teammates in order to transfer back to and employ as a parameter to precisely measure project achievement (Eyibio and Daniel, 2020). It is indeed a necessary procedure and as per the perception of the project management institute, there is a range of features of project scope. These are:
With a WBS, project managers may organise their work more effectively and more accurately. There is a set amount of time and money allotted to a specific project. When a project is completed, it must meet the goals it set out to accomplish for the various parties it was intended to benefit. The project's timetable, fixed costs, and functional completeness must be planned and assigned duties by the project management (Zecheru and Olaru, 2016). The WBS helps to ensure that this planning is consistent and that the project can be successfully completed.
Task |
Start Date |
Finish Date |
Duration (in weeks) |
Predecessor |
January |
February |
March |
April |
May |
June |
July |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a |
16-01-2022 |
06-03-2022 |
7 |
- |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
b |
06-03-2022 |
03-04-2022 |
4 |
a |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
c |
03-04-2022 |
24-04-2022 |
3 |
b |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
d |
03-04-2022 |
15-05-2022 |
6 |
b |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
e |
24-04-2022 |
22-05-2022 |
4 |
c |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
f |
15-05-2022 |
03-07-2022 |
7 |
d |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
g |
22-05-2022 |
19-06-2022 |
4 |
ef |
Determining a project budget is extremely crucial for measuring the outcome. It has been observed that funding is considered to be one of the most important components of project management. It is therefore the managers concerned to form an appropriate budget plan in order to accomplish the project in an effective manner. It will also describe the amount of money needed to fulfil the project management (Kwon and Kang, 2019). On the other hand, it will help the manager to have a perception of the budget otherwise project might become a failure. It has been observed that project budget has a direct result on the company's economic viability.
Project risk arises when the planning was not enough or due to lack of focus, it has been proved to be a major failure. On the other hand, members of the project management are also considered to be responsible for the failure of the project. However, there are some effective ways through which mitigation of the risks can be possible (Mobley, 2018). In terms of increasing the budget, the formation of transparency is extremely important. It will facilitate the project manager to prevent budget overruns. Through gathering relevant information, team members and the clients will be able to mitigate this issue. On the other hand, communication is measured as a common problem in project management. It occurs when individuals are not doing teamwork efficiently (Dandage et al., 2018). Face-to-face interaction or through messaging these problems can be solved effortlessly. Yet, the manager requires keeping a close eye on the operating techniques in an effective manner.
References
Abouelmehdi, K., Beni-Hessane, A. and Khaloufi, H., 2018. Big healthcare data: preserving security and privacy. Journal of Big Data, 5(1), pp.1-18.
Azubuike, M.C. and Ehiri, J.E., 1999. Health information systems in developing countries: benefits, problems, and prospects. The journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 119(3), pp.180-184.
Boerman, S.C., Kruikemeier, S. and Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.J., 2021. Exploring motivations for online privacy protection behavior: Insights from panel data. Communication Research, 48(7), pp.953-977.
Case, C.J. and King, D.L., 2021. FAIR INFORMATION PRACTICES: AN EMPIRICAL REVIEW OF THE FORTUNE 500. ASBBS Proceedings, 28, pp.60-67.
Dandage, R.V., Mantha, S.S., Rane, S.B. and Bhoola, V., 2018. Analysis of interactions among barriers in project risk management. Journal of Industrial Engineering International, 14(1), pp.153-169.
Dang, L.M., Piran, M., Han, D., Min, K. and Moon, H., 2019. A survey on internet of things and cloud computing for healthcare. Electronics, 8(7), p.768.
Dhillon, G., 1997. Managing information system security. Macmillan International Higher Education.
Eyibio, O.N. and Daniel, C.O., 2020. Effective Resource Budgeting as a Tool for Project Management. Asian Journal of Business and Management (ISSN: 2321-2802), 8(2).
Garfinkel, S., 2002, September. Adopting fair information practices to low cost RFID systems. In Privacy in Ubiquitous Computing Workshop.
Gostin, L.O., Halabi, S.F. and Wilson, K., 2018. Health data and privacy in the digital era. Jama, 320(3), pp.233-234.
Hong, W., Chan, F.K. and Thong, J.Y., 2021. Drivers and inhibitors of internet privacy concern: a multidimensional development theory perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 168(3), pp.539-564.
Humaidi, N. and Balakrishnan, V., 2018. Indirect effect of management support on users’ compliance behaviour towards information security policies. Health Information Management Journal, 47(1), pp.17-27.
Kreuter, F., Haas, G.C., Keusch, F., Bähr, S. and Trappmann, M., 2020. Collecting survey and smartphone sensor data with an app: Opportunities and challenges around privacy and informed consent. Social Science Computer Review, 38(5), pp.533-549.
Kwon, H. and Kang, C.W., 2019. Improving project budget estimation accuracy and precision by analyzing reserves for both identified and unidentified risks. Project Management Journal, 50(1), pp.86-100
Lukács, A., 2016. What is privacy? The history and definition of privacy.
Mobley, F., 2018. Developing High Performance Grid Computing Systems on a Budget.
Rana, M.E., Kubbo, M. and Jayabalan, M., 2017. Privacy and security challenge towards cloud-based access control. Asian. Journal of Information Technology, 16(2-5), pp.274-281.
Shoniregun, C.A., Dube, K. and Mtenzi, F., 2010. Electronic healthcare information security (Vol. 53). Springer Science & Business Media.
Yamin, M., Alsaawy, Y., B Alkhodre, A., Sen, A. and Ahmed, A., 2019. An innovative method for preserving privacy in Internet of Things. Sensors, 19(15), p.3355.
Zecheru, V. and Olaru, B.G., 2016. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) in Project Management. Review of International Comparative Management/Revista de Management Comparat International, 17(1).
Zeilinger, M., 2018. Digital art as ‘monetised graphics’: Enforcing intellectual property on the blockchain. Philosophy & Technology, 31(1), pp.15-41.
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