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Polybius Roles in Roman Rise: Essay Case Study By Native Expert.
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Polybius was a Greek historian and admirer of the Roman Republic of the Hellenistic period who wrote extensively regarding the political system of Rome. His belief states that Rome's rise to power was due to the political powers that were achieved by the constitution of Rome. Contrary to the belief of Polybius, it can be said that he thought the Republic of Rome had a government that allowed a distribution of power among the Senate, Consults, and the popular assemblies that are known to be the different branches of the government. In this essay, there will be discussions related to the turmoil of Catiline's uprising in 63 BC [1]. This will include the nature of the Catiline policy, an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the Roman constitution, a comparison between the political and other ancient or modern systems and limitations of using a single historical event to evaluate the effectiveness of the political system. Furthermore, the long-term impacts of the Catiline conspiracy on the Roman political system have also been considered in the discussion.
"There is an analysis of Polybius' Roman Constitution and its balance of political powers that will be providing an evaluated explanation for Rome's rise to power, as it has prevented the concerns of the power in the hands of the individuals or the groups to ensure stability and success for the Roman Empire".
The Catiline conspiracy, also known as the Catiline uprising, is a political crisis that occurred in Rome in 63 BC. Lucius Sergius Catilina (Catiline) led to the overthrow of the Republic of Rome to seize its power for the people [2]. This conspiracy also involves a plot involving a group of senatorial aristocrats. Some of the causes of the Catiline Conspiracy are stated below:
Lack of effective law enforcement: The Republic of Rome has a lack of police force as a result; the Catiline's conspiracy was difficult to prevent from forming [5]. This is the situation that formed during the time, as the legal system was dependent on the reported crimes of the individuals.
Inadequate checks and balances: The seized power of Catiline was so strong that the Roman Constitution, despite having checks and balances, was not able to prevent the situation.
Fragmented political power: It is a known fact that the Republic of Rome was divided among different categories of government, namely, the consuls, the senate, and the popular assemblies [6]. This has generated a situation where there are coordination measures for obtaining a combined response to implement actions for preventing the Catiline conspiracy.
Overall, it can be said that the Catiline conspiracy was a political crisis that highlighted the weaknesses of the Roman political system.
Since the founding of Rome in the 8th century BC, the Roman constitution has enjoyed a complex system of governance that evolved in the 5th century AD. During this time span, it has given rise to several strengths and weaknesses that are stated below:
Strengths:-
Weaknesses:-
The comparison of the Roman political system with the modern political system comprises similarities and differences that are stated below:
Similarities:-
Differences:-
There are several reasons that have limited the use of a single historic event to evaluate the effectiveness of political systems. Some of them are stated below:
Overall, it can be said that there should be considerations regarding different events that take place in the political systems of the Roman republic to measure the effectiveness of the systems implemented with time. This will help in gathering information and a more nuanced understanding of the political system of the Roman republic. Furthermore, in evaluating the effectiveness of the political system of Rome, one can consider civic participation, which implies the level of participation needed to ensure that the government was concerned with the needs and wants of the people.
Another factor is that slavery, which is heavily relied upon by the Roman Republic, has become a major flaw in the political system. It was an acceptable practice for economic gain to exploit the enslaved, contributing to the social and economic inequalities that are known to have existed in Roman society. Considering this as a different event for evaluating the effectiveness of the Roman Republic will generate an idea of the implemented political systems of that era.
Furthermore, the Roman republic has been praised for the achievements made with the expansion of the territory that was negotiated by some historians. This was due to the impacts of the expansion on the conquered or poor people of society, who are categorised as marginalized groups. This can also be considered to evaluate the effectiveness of the Roman Republic's political practices. These have been changed over time and the situation tends to be under control by the end of the era in the 5th century AD. There was a development in the legal system of the Roman Republic’s political practices, which has been termed to be beneficial for ordinary people as well.
The Catiline’s Conspiracy was a political crisis that occurred in the Ruman Republic in 63 BCE. It was a conspiracy led by Lucius Sergius Catilina, a senator who wanted to overthrow the government of the Republic. The conspiracy had a profound impact on the Roman political system, and its consequences were felt for years to come. One of the most significant long-term impacts of “Catiline’s Conspiracy” was the increase in the power of the executive branch of the Roman government [14]. The conspiracy highlighted the weakness of the Roman Republic's political system, which was based on a balance of power between the executive branches of the Roman government. As a result, the executive branch, led by Consul Cicero, took on treated power to deal with the crisis. This set a precedent for a future crisis, and the power of the executive continued to grow.Another long-term impact was the erosion of the traditional Roman values of honesty and integrity in politics. The conspiracy was marked by corruption and deceit on both sides, with “Catiline” using bribery and intimidation to gain support and the government using fear-mongering and propaganda to discredit him. The public's faith in the political system was shaken, and many people began to see politics as a dirty business that required deceit and manipulation to succeed.
The “Catiline Conspiracy” also had a significant impact on the Roman social and economic system. The conspiracy was driven by the social and economic inequality that existed in Rome at the time, with many people feeling left behind by the elite. The crisis exposed these divisions, and the government's response, which focused on maintaining the status quo, did little to address them. This contributed to a growing sense of dissatisfaction among the lower classes, which eventually led to the collapse of the Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire [15]. The “Catiline Conspiracy” had far-reaching and long-lasting impacts on the Roman political system. It led to an increase in the power of the executive branch, eroded the traditional values of honesty and integrity in politics, and exposed the social and economic divisions in Roman society. Its legacy can still be seen in the way politics is conducted today, and it serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of corruption and inequality in any political system.
Conclusion
"The Catiline Conspiracy” was a pivotal moment in the history of the Roman Republic. It revealed the weaknesses of the Roman political system, including its inability to effectively address economic inequality, corruption, and political unrest. The conspiracy also highlighted the challenges of maintaining a democratic system of government in the face of intense social and political pressures. The Roman constitution, while innovative for its time, had several weaknesses that made it vulnerable to political instability. The lack of effective checks and balances, the absence of term limits for elected officials, and the reliance on a small group of elites to govern all contributed to the political instability that ultimately led to this conspiracy.
When compared to other ancient and modern political systems, the Roman system had both strengths and weaknesses. Its focus on civic participation and the rule of law was commendable, but its inability to adapt to changing circumstances and the concentration of power among a small group of elites made it vulnerable to instability. It is important to note, however, that the Catiline conspiracy should not be viewed as the sole measure of the effectiveness of the Roman political system.Its legacy serves as a cautionary tale for modern societies about the dangers of political instability and the importance of addressing the underlying causes of social and political unrest.
References
Bapuji, H., Ertug, G. and Shaw, J.D., 2020. Organizations and societal economic inequality: A review and way forward.Academy of Management Annals,14(1), pp.60-91. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0029
Blackman, R.H., 2021. Will the Real Catiline Please Stand Up? Framing Intimidation in the National Assembly of 1789.French History & Civilization,10. https://h-france.net/rude/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/10-BLACKMAN.pdf
Campbell, J.W., 2020. Buying the honor of thieves? Performance pay, political patronage, and corruption.International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice,63, p.100439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2020.100439
Coudry, M., 2022. The Senate.A Companion to the Political Culture of the Roman Republic, pp.206-219. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119673675.ch15
Dunn Cavelty, M. and Wenger, A., 2020. Cyber security meets security politics: Complex technology, fragmented politics, and networked science.Contemporary Security Policy,41(1), pp.5-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2019.1678855
Gandini, C., 2022. Misquoting, Misplacing, Misusing: Some Observations on Cicero’s De consulatu suo.The Limits of Exactitude in Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Literature and Textual Transmission,137, p.207. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110796612
Goldsmith, I., 2022. Animi Imperio, Corporis Servitio: Violence and Social Division in Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae.Brown Classical, p.77. https://www.brown.edu/academics/classics/sites/academics-classics/files/BCJ%202022.pdf#page=85
Malyshev, K., 2022. METHODOLOGICAL BASICS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE LAW ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM.Global Prosperity,2(2), pp.18-28. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2856-3641
McCracken, M., 2022. The Twilight of Liberty: Lessons for the United States from Rome’s Dying Republic. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1299&context=hsgconference
Ndulo, M.B., 2020. Bill 10, if Enacted, Will Install a Constitutional Dictatorship and Undermine Democracy in Zambia.Southern African Journal of Policy and Development,5(1), p.7. https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&context=sajpd
Nebelin, K., 2022. Late Republican Local Rebellions and Marches against Rome: Agency and Initiative in the “Catilinarian Insurgency”. InLeadership and Initiative in Late Republican and Early Imperial Rome(pp. 409-432). Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004511408_016
Ramsey, J.T., 2019. The Date of the Consular Elections in 63 and the Inception of Catiline’s Conspiracy.Harvard Studies in Classical Philology,110, pp.213-270. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48623477
Ramsey, J.T., 2019. The Date of the Consular Elections in 63 and the Inception of Catiline’s Conspiracy.Harvard Studies in Classical Philology,110, pp.213-270. DOI: https://www.jstor.org/stable/48623477
Stoner, R., 2022. The Difficult Defense of Cicero’s Goodness.Studies on Roman Thought and Its Reception, p.83. https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/53707/1/9783110748703.pdf#page=106
Woodman, A.J., 2021. Sallust and Catiline: Conspiracy Theories.Historia,70(1), pp.55-68. https://doi.org/10.25162/historia-2021-0003
[1] Ramsey, J.T., 2019. The Date of the Consular Elections in 63 and the Inception of Catiline’s Conspiracy.Harvard Studies in Classical Philology,110, pp.213-270. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48623477
[2] Blackman, R.H., 2021. Will the Real Catiline Please Stand Up? Framing Intimidation in the National Assembly of 1789.French History & Civilization,10. https://h-france.net/rude/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/10-BLACKMAN.pdf
[3] Bapuji, H., Ertug, G. and Shaw, J.D., 2020. Organizations and societal economic inequality: A review and way forward.Academy of Management Annals,14(1), pp.60-91. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0029
[4] Campbell, J.W., 2020. Buying the honor of thieves? Performance pay, political patronage, and corruption.International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice,63, p.100439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2020.100439
[5] Malyshev, K., 2022. METHODOLOGICAL BASICS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE LAW ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM.Global Prosperity,2(2), pp.18-28. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2856-3641
[6] Dunn Cavelty, M. and Wenger, A., 2020. Cyber security meets security politics: Complex technology, fragmented politics, and networked science.Contemporary Security Policy,41(1), pp.5-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2019.1678855
[7] Ndulo, M.B., 2020. Bill 10, if Enacted, Will Install a Constitutional Dictatorship and Undermine Democracy in Zambia.Southern African Journal of Policy and Development,5(1), p.7. https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&context=sajpd
[8] Woodman, A.J., 2021. Sallust and Catiline: Conspiracy Theories.Historia,70(1), pp.55-68. https://doi.org/10.25162/historia-2021-0003
[9] Coudry, M., 2022. The Senate.A Companion to the Political Culture of the Roman Republic, pp.206-219. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119673675.ch15
[10] Goldsmith, I., 2022. Animi Imperio, Corporis Servitio: Violence and Social Division in Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae.Brown Classical, p.77. https://www.brown.edu/academics/classics/sites/academics-classics/files/BCJ%202022.pdf#page=85
[11] Gandini, C., 2022. Misquoting, Misplacing, Misusing: Some Observations on Cicero’s De consulatu suo.The Limits of Exactitude in Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Literature and Textual Transmission,137, p.207. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110796612
[12] McCracken, M., 2022. The Twilight of Liberty: Lessons for the United States from Rome’s Dying Republic. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1299&context=hsgconference
[13] Stoner, R., 2022. The Difficult Defense of Cicero’s Goodness.Studies on Roman Thought and Its Reception, p.83. https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/53707/1/9783110748703.pdf#page=106
[14] Nebelin, K., 2022. Late Republican Local Rebellions and Marches against Rome: Agency and Initiative in the “Catilinarian Insurgency”. InLeadership and Initiative in Late Republican and Early Imperial Rome(pp. 409-432). Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004511408_016
[15] Ramsey, J.T., 2019. The Date of the Consular Elections in 63 and the Inception of Catiline’s Conspiracy.Harvard Studies in Classical Philology,110, pp.213-270. DOI: https://www.jstor.org/stable/48623477
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