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Chapter1: Introduction
Introduction
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Depression is a chronic psychiatric disorder that may contribute to depressive mood, motivation or satisfaction loss, remorse or low self-esteem, sleep or eating disruptions, decreased energy and weak focus and it will lead to suicide that kills about 1.5 million people worldwide per year. Therefore, there is a need to reduce depression among people to increase their mental as well as physical health. A variety of approaches to combat depression are present but a promising method, which has been used in the modern phycology as well as medical research is the use of music therapy to reduce as well as treat depression. These approaches can be aggressive or responsive besides active methods can be used if patients or participants cannot express problematic feelings. In several research, the therapist utilizes clinical methods to link through the patient around a spontaneous conversation, which is able to then perform such as a catalyst to emotive consciousness (Gao et al.,2019). Pharmacotherapy is the first step of therapeutic treatments which has some drawbacks, including lengthy reaction time, adverse effects as well as low product adherence. Psychotherapy treatments have also tried to increase the effects of depression. This research is therefore planned as a potential complementary method for minimizing the effects of depression to discuss music listening.
The main aim of this intended research is to pinpoint randomized managed tests as well as regulated medical tests assessing the effectiveness of music psychotherapy around decreasing the indications of medical depression and to contrast the effectiveness of music treatment combined with typical nursing in conjunction with basic treatment only or else with another psychosomatic or else pharmacological treatments. Efficiency or else effectiveness of several methods of music therapy will be further evaluated by the learner.
The rationale of the research
Depression impacts about 122 million individuals globally and is defined by chronic low-mood shifts that contribute to improvements in appetite, sleep, and general functioning. Depression is a widespread concern A pronounced decrease in self-esteem and the sense of insignificance and remorse define the condition. Anhedonia, tiredness, as well as decreased focus are also signs. Throughout the worst case situation, depression will escalate to suicide, a loss of one million lives a year. The main cause of illness and the second leading factor of global health burden is expected to become depression by 2020. This takes place among individuals of both races , genders and backgrounds. The immense personal and economic effects of depression ensure that all existing care modalities ought to be tested systemically for proof of efficacy.
Depression is sometimes handled with medications or with psychotherapy or all. The most effective therapy for depression was observed both in Tricyclic antidepressants and in the later identified serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) (Leubner and Hinterberger., 2017). Nonetheless, a new Moncrieff 2003 Cochrane study reported some variation even across antidepressant drugs and successful placebos, with the lowest results in hospital trials. A number of talk strategies have been frequently found to better relieve stress. A study of psychiatry and pharmacology is already ongoing in two comprehensive studies.
The rationale for community distress is wrong: researcher Hazell in the year of 2007 puts into doubt the findings provided by many public policy agencies that SSRIs can only be used in conjunction with psychiatric treatment for mild to serious teenagers. The utilization of holistic and behavioral medicine is perhaps one of the most important causes for depression. The causes are nuanced and differ by patient community. This may entail a loss of comfort with traditional therapies and/or a tendency to prevent adverse effects from pharmaceutical drugs or the stigma associated with pursuing speech therapy. However, the research performed by 1036 American participants (Tang., 2016)suggest that most alternative medication consumers do so because their own beliefs, views and moral orientations are more compatible than that they do it because of their unhappiness with traditional therapies. This opinion is compatible with recent studies in the United Kingdom that awareness on mental wellbeing is relatively low in the general public and thus diminishing the potential for therapies that are focused on facts.
Problem statement
Depression may contribute to several reasons, including hereditary to psychological influences (negative self-concept, pessimism, anxiety to psychiatric trauma, etc.). Furthermore, alcohol addiction or medical illnesses may cause depression. The colloquial usage of "depressed," in the psychiatric context, is not linked to depression. The DSM-V as well as ICD-10 are symptomatic classifications that take into consideration the context and nature of the condition, its length, duration and frequency. Studies on the usage of music therapy or music care to combat depression has shown a growing acceptance in the past two decades and numerous articles have indicated that this phenomenon is recorded. Yet most studies have applied a very particular experimental set-up and have therefore only concentrated on one kind of music (classical, contemporary, instrumental and vocal), have applied a predefined experimental set-up (group or individual) or precisely the age of the participants (i.e., teens and elders) (Zhao et al.,2016). A new meta-analysis (73 randomized clinical experiments) analyzed and music reported to be a significant support to relieve post-operative distress and pain symptoms.
Significance of the intended research
Music therapeutics have been described as 'interpersonal therapy in order to help patients enhance, recover or maintain their wellbeing, by using music and all its facets.' A large variety of practices such as clinical, psychoanalytic, developmental or humanistic styles have contributed to solutions to music therapy around the globe. Although music therapy methodology is often different, it can be generally categorized as 'productive,' when music is recreated, improvised or else written, besides as "receptive" when music is performed. Receptive or else hybrid strategies are more popular in the United States with more aggressive methods in Europe. The suspected responsive music therapy explanation is that different kinds of musical stimulation induce immediate improvement in physical and emotional circumstances. Forms of acceptance are most likely to be conditioned by cognitive or else humanistic practices and may involve an associated practice when listening to music, such as relaxing, reflection, gesture, painting or else reminiscence. This has been suggested to help relieve tension, relax discomfort, and energize the body through this type of music therapy. While psychological recovery and music therapy are the origins of music therapy in several countries and provided to people with mental illnesses worldwide, research on the basis of depression music therapy has also not been studied. Music counseling proponents have indicated that it may be particularly helpful for people with emotional illness. For starters, one retrospective analysis showed, which was subsequently confirmed by an ongoing randomized trial analysis of music therapy vs waiting list test of the old adults with depression disorders, that music therapy may help depressed individuals (Hosseini et al.,2018). A detailed review of the few systematic scientific study attempts in this area, though, illustrates a variety of issues. Both RCTs suffered in particular from low sample sizes and the findings are challenging to reliably quantify. Furthermore, patient populations are sometimes heterogeneous and the style of music therapy as described above differs. Nonetheless, because music therapy for curing depression is tried and received as an alternative or a supplement to pharmacological or psychiatric therapies, it is important to regularly evaluate the data available to help this patient population recognize its efficacy. There is therefore justification to compare various methods to music therapy such that the connection between procedures and outcomes can be fully interpreted in specific situations.
Chapter 2: Literature review
Literature review
Through their research, Verrusio, Chen, Koelsch, as well as Fancourt demonstrated the importance of music as a therapeutic help for depression. Nevertheless, other scholars utilize a specific form of experimental set-up for a certain category of music (such as traditional, modern, instrumental or vocal), and some investigate the impacts of music on a certain age demographic (adolescents or elders). Hole has performed a meta-analysis that found that in patients exposed to surgical treatment music greatly decreased the after operational effects of fear and discomfort. Among dementia patients who sung or listened to popular music, Sarkamo demonstrated substantial changes among cognitive and emotional performance. For people with persistent non-malignant pain (CNP). Gold demonstrated the beneficial effects of music for alleviating stress. To cardiological patients Trappe recorded the positive effects of music. The effects of music to make the patients relax during heart and angiography is illustrated by Leubner and Hinterberger. As clinical assistance to anxiety and insomnia, Yinger and Gooding recorded Art. Research also show that in children and teenagers’ music can significantly improve auditory and long-term memory. Droit-Volet and Schafer also developed a potential method for the diagnosis of neuropsychological and psychopathic conditions in which music shows its beneficial effects (Hohmann et al.,2018). The highlighted music of the writers may express a certain mood or environment that helps composers to invoke those feelings depending on their cultural or ethnic context. In the opposite, in performing the song, the emotional condition itself played a part. Grewe further stressed subjective experiences which have produced physiological reactions, embedded in a musical composition. Nevertheless, there may be little definitive proof as to whether an individual approaches distress or stressful incidents, eliciting or combined psychological and physiological reactions. In fact, it is not known that music therapy is successful in alleviating stress in people with Schizoaffective disorders (SADs) and SUDs. While various research has examined the function that music plays in reducing depressive symptoms, relatively few explored the role of music in preventing recurrence of depressive and the extent of reciprocal depression among at-risk individuals (Yasnowsky and Osterman., 2020).
According to the Mental Health Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) reported that "Primary depressive illness is marked by one or more severe suicidal periods (minimum 2 weeks of depressed mood or a lack of confidence followed by at least four other signs of depression (Chen et al.,2016). According to the WHO, nearly 322 million people worldwide suffered from severe depression symptoms. Depression or severe depression is a neuropsychological disorder that is defined nearly every day by depressed morale and a loss of care about everyday activities. In fact, MDD patients also have a chance of auto sufficiency, like suicidal thinking. Depression treatment also poses huge obstacles for healthcare practitioners and family members. MDD effects are triggered by an elevated serotonin production in the synaptic synapse of the brain reward system. The spike of serotonin of pre-synaptic neurons of the reward-punishment path contributes to episodes that activate the neurotransmitter of serotonin as an elevator state. Pharmaceutical action (mainly active serotonin reuptake inhibitors) reduces depressive symptoms by reducing serotonin reuptake in presynaptic neurons (Stegemann et al.,2019). In two contexts, music is used for therapeutic environments: music therapy and music medicine, Leubner and Hinterberger recorded. The therapist, in collaboration with participant, selects patient-specific music that is nourished and practiced in the sense of music therapy in general, and Bradt explained that music-based treatment relates to "a psychological and evidence-based usage of general therapies to accomplish interpersonal outcomes within a relational relationship by an certified practitioner who has earned structured certification of music therapy." The treatment is not merely limited to passive listening to music but also consciously engages the client in performing, writing or interacting. Music therapy then applies in a person-focused and personalized manner to extend the therapeutic effects of music (Tsoi et al.,2016).
Conversely, the practitioners who have not structured qualifications in music therapy are applied to music rehabilitation or practical music therapy. The scientific, physiologic, and physical implications of music for assuring successful results in patients are known as music medicine. If anyone listens to their favorite songs to build a feeling of well-being, they are often considered music medication. Those that are used interchangeably in therapeutic environments are also the realm of music therapy and musicology, but vary when described. However, both MT and MM concentrate on the science, cultural, esthetic and medicinal elements of medicine to maintain the physical and mental wellbeing of the stakeholders in question. Leubner as well as Hinterberger therefore claimed that the changes between MT along with MM are smooth in all the various clinical environments (Murphy., 2017). The study seeks to investigate the role played by music in all evading symptoms of depression by comprehensive literature review.
Depression is one of the world's most severe and widespread psychiatric disorders. Global studies predict the clinical depression of some 322 million people worldwide. This disease will happen during childhood as well as old age, in conjunction with women further frequently than males affected. Depression remains also one of the most severe medical illnesses. Psychological, physical, mental , and social disorders are correlated with suicidal distress. It will have a profound impact over the whole human being. This continues to reoccur or to follow a persistent course, contributing to depression and increased social alienation, without clinical treatment. Depression can have many factors, including genetic , psychological (negative self-concept, pessimism, fear, psychological trauma, etc.). Furthermore, substance dependence or chronic diseases can generate depression. The usage of the phrase "despondent or else depressed" in colloquial sense possesses little to act through psychiatric depression. Thanks to its historicity along with seriousness, reliability, and duration, ICD-10 and DSM-V are graded according to symptoms (Aalbers et al.,2016). Research into the usage of music medication or else music therapy intended for depression over the last two decades has been becoming increasingly popular, with several newspapers reporting the trend. Nevertheless, most studies have used a very limited experimental setup, relying, for instance, only on top of one and only music category (i.e. traditional,instrumental, contemporary as well as vocal), utilizing predefined tentative settings (groups, or individuals) or specifically defining the age span of participants (i.e. young people, aged). A recent meta-analysis analyzed 72 randomized monitored experiments as well as concluded that music is a significant help in rising the indications of angst as well as pain in the wake of surgery (Aleixo, Santos, and Dourado., 2017).
Patients with dementia demonstrated significant mental and cognitive advantages when listening or experiencing popular music. Beneficial results also have been identified in patients with traumatic cardiology in CNMP (Chronic Non-Malignant Pain) (Chung. and Woods-Giscombe., 2016) where musical therapies also serve intervention purposes. Specific explications were provided and the wide variety of cardiovascular system consequences were examined. Music has been studied as a psychological tool to boost sleep or reducing tension and it was shown to have beneficial results during cardiac surgery. A longitudinal analysis showed that in people with depression, verbal memory in children and the episodic memory, music increased the duration of subjective sleep. Art introduced a certain tone or environment, allowing composers to ignite feelings on the basis of their collective heritage, whether through a certain ethnic community. The mental condition itself, on the other side, plays a part in the perception and assessment of performance. Included in a formulation, individual experiences triggered bodily body responses, improving the immune system. The tempo of (background) music was often used to establish a comfortable environment as an integral aspect of many marketing principles. The broader range of aware and unconscious musical factors and further work on this topic have been defined in a brief and thorough example.
The contrast between music therapy or else MT as well as MM or else music medicine
Maximum of us understand what kind of music or song will "encourage us." But it is completely different to interact with anyone else. Evidence-based frameworks for a more realistic approach have also been established. The difference between music therapy and performance therapy is significant. Though this is not obvious, the music used to treat patients may be separated into two main groups, namely MT or else music therapy as well as MM or else music medicine.
MT or else Music therapy
Word primarily used in a position where a board-certified music therapist conducts treatment. Music therapy (MT) (Gramaglia et al.,2019) is a 'clinical and evidence-based usage for an accredited practitioner with licensed Music Therapy (to achieve individualized objectives in a therapeutic relationship. Different fields of praxis are displaying a growing interest in MT, particularly in the healthcare system. The responsibility for the structured treatment is a board-certified music therapist that needs a set of specific music that is produced in one or more sessions by and for the participant. Therapy environments can not only be performed, written or engaged with music but must require listening. Presentations may be filmed in advance or live. The basic instruments are built in many situations. To order to make such personalized choices, it is important to recognize whether the best stimuli or devices can be chosen, designed as well as combined. It is therefore important to remember that music rehabilitation is offered as a career training course.
MM or else Music medicine (i.e., operational music, music around medication)
Professional, not trained music-therapeutics, for example relaxing therapy, physicians or (natural) scientists, carried out separately. This could be useful for an early appointment or partnership with a licensed music therapist. Significant advances in both the study and therapeutic use of music as a means of therapy have been achieved in recent years. The diagnosis of different illnesses has important medicinal qualities. The word "music treatment" is used as a phrase to separate music from "music therapy". MM implies a psychological, clinical and emotional assessment of music use. It is the term used to distinguish it from music therapy. Often, when someone is listening to his favorite song, it is often called a kind of medication. As part of medical treatment or psychotherapy, MM intentionally breaks from music therapy. The word "Music Therapy or else MT" is crucial to note, while beyond question, there is a partnership between MT as well as MM with some type of music-based care. The insistence on a science, creative or therapeutic approach to music is similar to both of them.
“Harmonious Shifts” amongst MT or else music therapy as well as MM or else music medicine
Care procedure that is performed is vague or not explicitly labeled as "Concert Therapy" and/or "Concert treatment." It must be noted that the concept of "Music Therapy" can not necessarily be specifically differentiated from "Music Therapeutic." A potential situation may be a medical practitioner ("non-professional"). However, universal criteria or specifications for qualifications can vary considerably depending on the country of origin. Throughout the researcher opinion, all actions should be recognized as well as, accordingly, a common description should be placed forth which can define in a single sentence music therapy and music medicine, as well as all the intermediate elements: "The use of auditory stimulation" (music) "as a tool in order to improve symptoms in a particular category of distressed participants."
A keyword analysis as well as search technique was used to help the comprehensive literature study. Classify the related publications from numerous scientific databases, such asPsycINFO, MEDLINA, PubMed Central, CINAHL,Cochrane data base as well as OVID Online, by utilizing correct Boolean connectors. The keywords as well as Boolean connections used for size spectrum quest include depression OR major depressive illness AND OR music rehab OR music therapy OR rehabilitation OR recurrence OR pharmacology OR psychoanalysis (Ray. and Mittelman,., 2017). The papers written over the last twenty years were chosen for the final review. In fact, the papers which did not receive at least seven CASP score were not considered for the analysis as well. The papers eventually selected were categorized and criticized according to the area of assessment.
Thematic evaluation
Gender as well asAge
Impact of music around youthful people fitting toward the age cluster beneath 30 years
Mean depression scores have decreased significantly in comparison with individualized sessions when participants took group therapy. It was speculated that social interactions within groups modulated the beneficial effects of music.
Impact of music around mid-aged persons be appropriate toward the age band in the middle of 30 years as well as 59 years
Depression effects have changed dramatically compared with individualized treatments where they were present (48.37 percent vs. 24.79 percent, p<0.05) (Tang et al.,2019).
Impact of music in the field of aging persons be appropriate toward the age cluster ahead of
60 years
In individualized environments the participants reported substantial changes in their distress levels (48.36%). The people were mainly Asian and related to classical music rather than certain forms of music. The songs of Asian works, which are more formal and spiritual, have inspired these individuals. The writers nevertheless hypothesized that mixing classical Western with conventional Asian music was more suited for optimizing outcomes.
Impact of music being as a genderfunction
While the associations between instrumental music and vocal music have been missing, the depression levels in men and women have been substantially increased when playing on CD or MP3 in the study. The meetings had a total duration of around 80 minutes, and the groups had an overall time of 17 hours.
Throughout the creation of depression, numerous scholars have studied the impact of MT. The analysts observed an overall change of around 40.87% +7.7% (p<0.05) (Werner., Wosch,. and Gold., 2017). By contrast with the test groups, though, the distress levels for the study population have not changed substantially. Such results suggested that MT was similar to the control groups (whose musical input was not provided, but other approved interventions) (p>0.05). In comparison with control samples reported from Leubner as well as Hinterberger, no significant improvements in the depression rates is due to the difference in the measures of diagnosed depression for several trials. For fact, the disparity in scores for depression was also modulated with the kind of music that was presented to the participants. For example, Choy showed the significant change in the mean BDI depression scale in drumming, relaxing of music and singing (48.28 percent), while the rise in the MADRS scale was predicted to be 42.68 percent. The RMPCD rating was also calculated to be 42.9% sensitivity to the same genre of song. On the opposite, when participants became interested in songwriting, Silverman observed little substantial difference in the overall depression levels. Erkilla suggested that depressed participants expressed a preference for percussion instruments (such as the African Djembe drums and blended arrangement of different instruments synthesized by digital instruments. Han also clarified that when performed rhythmically (rhythmically drumming) and in combination with vocals it improved significantly the average depressed instruments. None of the contributors, though, discussed solely the influence of classical or jazz songs (Johnson., 2019).
Leubner and Hinterberger reported 22 papers investigating a variety of musical therapy to relieve the symptoms of depression. Lu, Fancourt as well asChen research reported a decline of about 53.71 per cent in average music medicine. Participants in music medical studies were exposed to a wide variety of music genres similar to music therapy. Such results implied a comparatively higher increase in the ratings of depression symptom participants exposed to music therapy than their peers who sought music treatments (5% vs 42.6% – 48.4%)( do Amaral et al.,2016). The results are extremely significant as access to unstructured music (IMM) sessions has resulted in increased changes to the score of depression symptoms in research students compared to formal music (MT). These results indicate that people have a preference about the music they choose to hear or play, so the teacher need not prefix or suffix it. Recall that the MM realm enables a person, irrespective of the therapist's formal music therapy permission, to stay open to any kind of music that ensures his or her well-being. While Leubner as well as Hinterberger claimed the changes between MM along with MT are smooth, therapists often introduce depressed patients, in their respective clinical environment to concept music, or to different genres of music. The analysis showed that it would ideally be appropriate for patients to choose or reject a genre depending on their taste, because the patient's mind could only tell the music or songs were more desirable to overcome depression (Wang, Yu. and Chang., 2017). Within this sense the position of jazz music or other styles of music that are outside the proposals for music therapy is important to explore.
Impact of classical or else traditional music: Leubner published, in conjunction with Hinterberger, nine studies which explored the influence of classical music onDIS or else depression recuperation (composed by leading composers such as Beethoven and Mozart). Surprisingly, only four studies reported major impacts on the regeneration of depression with a combined rise of 39.98%+12%. Throughout the four tests, the great differences in the DIS itself indicate that distressed patients respond differently to the same kind of music. This has also demonstrated that patients retain the highest right to embrace a genre of music according to their mindset. This can also be believed that depressive patients are feeling and responding differentially to the same type of music. The observations of Koelsch etc. show that classical music is better applicable to people rather than the group context. Those speculations are reinforced by the outcomes of the research. As the classical style of music was put on the patient, it had to be used in the care by certain patients.
All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as well as controlled clinical trials (CCTs) evaluating music therapy as opposed to treatment as usual (TAU), emotional therapies, pharmacological treatments, other treatments, or different methods of music therapy intended for reducing depression (Wang. and Agius., 2018).
The corollary was, however, that they were, as confirmed by five out of nine studies reported both by Leubner and Hinterberger, also refractive to the classical genre. They also showed that the effective classical music genres had an average of 12 sessions while the less effective classical music genres were of 31 sessions (Gaebel et al.,2020). These findings also showed that patients who agreed to overcome their signs of depression by classical music responded early compared to their counterparts who remained refractory to classical music. Therefore, if all patients accepted traditional music, they would have replied similarly (individually or in smaller sessions). While classical music improves depression with fewer session numbers, the results are either incorrect or inconclusive because if that is the case all depression patients included in all nine trials would have been classical music, and therefore all session sizes from 12 to 15 would have replied (Erkkilä et al.,2019). Leubner and Hinterberger reported that even after 31 sessions, depression patients remained refractory to traditional music therapy. To deny such inferences, the investigators stated that the refractory depression could have been caused by the “saturation effect” with various types of intervention co-administered by classical music.
Effect of percussion-based music
Nine experiments that used percussion music for rhythmic music to boost score for depression have been recorded by Leubner and Hinterberger. On average, changes were seen by the writers to be 47.8%. These results showed that percussion-based music improved depression symptoms in comparison to classical music (47.8% compared to 39%). The findings further found that the total duration of exposure to such songs ranged between 63 minutes and 93 minutes; the period of exposure did not contribute to any change in the mean rate of depression. Such results reciprocated that b rhythms (drumming rhythm or jazz music) may boost agitation in a certain patient population relative to classical ones. As long as there was no significant effect on the average depression score during exposure to rapid music (percussion-based music), the quality of a genre could also be concluded as more important than its lifetime in the improvement of the score of depression amongst the stakeholders concerned.
Various scholars investigated the efficacy of jazz music in improving the diagnosis of depression independent of patients’ age or sex. However, it is not only the smaller (n=5) but also inconclusive research numbers in this chapter. All five tests, however, represented the substantial increase in the average depression of jazz music in the competitors and the findings at 0.001 point and even below. It was estimated that the average increase in depression was 43.41% + 6% (Fusar-Poli et al.,2016). Two studies have shown 48.78% and 46.5% of the improvements. Jazz music, therefore, improved the depressive-symptom level, and in enhancing depressive performance, was almost equal to percussion-based music and jazz therapy. Through Koelsch’s observations, the positive results of jazz music are verified. In treating depression, the authors have combined jazz and classical music.
Chan used the form of jazz music specifically, however, to combat distress through the parties concerned. This might be inferred from the early observations that the type of classical music may have behaved counter to or vice versa. Indeed, both scientists Leubner and Hinterberger found out that the classical and jazz music styles have allowed the effects of the association or avoidance of the outcomes to become blurry.
Several authors reported their independent findings of various kinds of music (Irish folk classical Indian music) and compositions (flute, meditation, compositions and lullabies in natural sound). Giving sample sizes for these studies too small and methodologies not standardized, the effect of such musical interventions on improving the score for symptoms of depression could not provide conclusive evidence. Leubner and Hinterberger made b assumptions about the position of these musical styles as a music therapy method in the future for the creation of well-designed and case-controlled trials of broad sample sizes. However, Leubner and Hinterberger suggested that studies of this kind might be interpreted in relation to three broad genres of music (percussion, classical and jazz) if they are eligible for such classifications in any of the genres considered to be music.
In these circumstances, the literature on the effectiveness of music therapy in alleviating depression and associated disorders would be supplemented by cross-segment or randomized studies with such music genres. Assessment of experimental interventions (music included as one of the interventions) versus control interventions (no musical intervention) is done in this research. The beneficial effects of music therapy on control interventions were not reflected in two studies out of 29 reported by Leubner and Hinterberger. Although the sample measurements of the Deshmukh research are low, for the Silverman research, the same cannot be inferred. Those results posed the issue further, In the same way, questions arise as to why one genre in a group of people is useful, while in others, they are ineffective. While the studies of Deshmukh and Silverman are exceptions, Leubner and Hinterberger conclude that these conclusions simplify an over-depth phenomenon (Quach and Lee., 2017). Diagnostics tools used in these two studies by respective authors were attributed to the authors. In addition, these writers used the HAD-S scale, which is also a structured test questionnaire.
In a study, Degli and Biasutti examined the role of music and standard therapy in reducing dependency on neuroleptic medications among 28 participants who presented schizophrenias, SAD, bipolar affective disorders, depression, and personality disorders. The research found, together with standard care guidelines, that prescribed music as community (48 sessions a week) therapy decreased participants’ dependency on neuroleptic drugs. This reports also reinforced the hypothesis that traditional care steps or TAU can not be disregarded particularly though there are positive outcomes in musical therapy. Nevertheless, Degli and Biasutti stated that music therapy might extend beyond depression and schizoaffective disorder and include psychopathic disorders. The writers have not, however, explained how these programs could aim to treat co-morbid psychopathic disorders as well.
Nonetheless, music therapy, whether it is successful in the individual treatment of these problems, can be useful for those with co-morbid psychopathic disorders. This may be extrapolated. For another research, Geretsegger carried out a systematic analysis to examine the effectiveness of music therapy for people with autism and SAD to boost their outcomes (Quach. and Lee., 2017). The study found that the signs of psychopathic illness and social interaction increased dramatically with medium-term follow-up. The research, however, did not indicate the impact of music therapy on the overall functioning of the participants concerned. Such results pose concerns as to how music therapy can enhance signs of stress, SAD or either of the psychopathic conditions in the long term.
Research Design
The author will use a qualitative research design to complete the investigation. It involves testing methods used to conclude the thesis, along with a description of why the necessary approach is used. This gives a simple description of the principles used in science. Qualitative studies provide the investigator with the versatility to address a wide range of facets of the study subject. In fact, it presents the researcher with different facets of the analysis (Zhou et al.,2019).
The qualitative study relies on content interpretation and therefore identifies other issues related to the subject of study. Such a method of study design thus allows the researcher to consider the subject of analysis in the sincerest way. The subject will be focused, and the researchers will be able to guide the research as they see it (Arefi., 2018). The study design selected here will help the author to describe the facts of the effects of music therapy in treating patients of depression.
A thorough review allows the participant to react to study concerns specific to the music therapeutic treatment approach. In addition to that, the quality of the content providing detailed knowledge of reasons of depression and their impact as well as treatment will be the focus of qualitative research. It should allow the researcher to understand what people’s true impressions are and how their conduct is influenced. This will lead to the implementation of a proper strategy for the use of response approaches as appropriate.
Research Philosophy
The theory of science is the approach to collect evidence about a particular phenomenon. It is important to identify the philosophical approach and research paradigm before carrying out empirical analyzes of the data gathered from different sources. The framework of the study rests in the assumption that the approach followed by the investigator in the meantime reflects the reasoning of the researcher. The philosophy and knowledge of research can be defined as the generation of a hypothesis in research (Fletcher., 2017).
It is a tool the scientist uses to transform ideas about the importance of the subject into facts. The writer uses perception as the methodology of the study here. The source notes here that the basic concepts of treating depression are inadequate to explain the condition. This adds to the individual understanding of the evidence. The crucial thing is that each of the information relating to the effect of music therapy in treating depression was taken into consideration by the reviewer. It allows relating intervention approaches according to the author’s real observations (Schroedler., 2018). In the analysis of the evidence and the creation of new action approaches, the author is a significant influence.
The researcher is enabled to grasp the data gathered by certain scholars through the usage of description. Studies in evidence and reality support analysis of music therapy techniques. In the regulation of the actions of depression, existing medical therapy approaches have seen to be less effective. The analyst would then be able to view the actions in this model. This will help to develop intervention strategies further.
Interpretivism
Theory, along with epistemology that can be taken out of the universe are termed interpretivism. This helps to understand the meaning of the facts derived from the data collected from the transcripts of the interviews. Interpretivism has developed from a subjectivist perspective, like critical realism, as a criticism of positivism. Interpretivism argues that humans vary as they build sense from visible events. Interpreters study such meanings. The study of French, German, along with every so often English thinker was done by interpretivism at the beginning and mid-20th centuries in Europe as well as consists of many branches, most especially hermeneutics, phenomenology and symbiosis. This claims that human beings and their social lives cannot be observed in the same manner as physical objects, so social science will vary from natural sciences rather than attempt to mimic the latter (since various individuals with different societies take specific meaning in varying contexts and times) (Groenland. and Dana., 2019).
To behavioural science, that involves looking at institutions from the viewpoints of different individuals. Interpret studies to seek to take advantage of this ambiguity through collecting, which is important to their study participants. The purpose of interpretive work is to create new, deeper knowledge or perception of social environments and meanings. Throughout addition, interpreters stress the significance of vocabulary, culture as well as context throughout defining our corporate and social environment perceptions and experiences. Interpretivism is specifically subjectivist, with its emphasis on ambiguity, depth, various meanings as well as significance (Dressler et al.,2019). An axiological consequence of these is the acceptance by interpreters of the significant position performed by their analysis of study materials and evidence and therefore, their own principles as well as beliefs. The application of interpretivism led to an accurate understanding of elements in the study area addressed by the Systematic analysis of the effectiveness of music therapy in the treatment of depression.
Realism
For a few sociology scholar’s ironies remains an increasingly helpful paradigm. Progress in the field of science remains clearly “transformation of the empirical world.” The philosophical concept in realism is that outside of the researcher’s experience, and there remains a fact. This external world consists of theoretical objects that are born into the minds of people, but which occur regardless of any person. An individual’s expectations are an entrance to this elusive outside truth. Realism concerns this natural world as a structure that is instead of a process that communicates interrelated events. Realism analysis seeks to recognize the social nature of an economic environment where several citizens work interdependently. In other words, it is possible to discover a “true” universe outside. However, only imperfectly and undoubtedly can the entire external world be grasped. Realists recognize the discrepancies between the real-world and their individual understanding of this reality and seek to create a spectrum between perceptions of it in time and space. (Flick., 2017) Therefore, only based upon the researchers’ findings of the issue are the basic processes investigated in the area of social sciences. In other terms, the cumulative results of simple systems and processes generate contact periods. And social processes are inherently chaotic, resisting but relying on their environment causal effects. There are also significant causes of the phenomena mentioned. The vision of practical study thus comprises of a family of responses with many historical contexts as well as specific analytical participants. Because the findings of this methodology are not concentrated on an experiment that shows that A triggers B in particular, i.e. since the cause-effect relationship of this research is not mutually related, the research methodology is not used here.
Deductive approach
The essential strategy must be established before a research inquiry is able to occur. The exploration of the facts is based on two key methods: deductive and inductive methods. A few axioms begin the deductive method-basic concrete assumptions on how the universe functions. The phenomenon 's interpretation can be defined by the existence of the axioms. That method fits well in algebra, but it is not effective at explaining how the real environment functions. A new path to the facts was developed during the Renaissance, which overturned the deductive method. Inductively and not deductively, this modern paradigm addressed fact. This is to say, the aim of the analysis is to identify clear truths this explain this phenomenon, not to continue. The introduction of a truth-inducing methodology in research contributed to the creation of the scientific theory. Scientists who follow a deductive method take and reverse the measures previously defined for inductive science. The learner begins with a social hypothesis and considers convincing and instead use evidence to check the implications. In other terms, they shift from a wider to a more basic point. A deductive reasoning methodology typically includes participants in empirical science (Flynn, Albrecht, and Scott., 2018). The researcher studies what others have done, reads hypothesis of some phenomena he or she is researching and then investigates the theories which come out of them. The measures taken in a deductive approach to analysis are seen in the figure below. The learner will use deductive methodology in this research.
Fig: Deductive and inductive approach
In this study into the impact of music therapy on people who suffer from stress, depression as well as comorbid depression along with its disorder, a deductive approach or other review is favoured. The key purpose of this deductive method is to generate problems or ideas for study by relying on current theories regarding a given topic. In this situation, for instance, this method helped to address issues of study on the basic illness in patients (normal and comorbid). This helps clarify cause and effect connections between various factors and definitions as the key benefits of deductive method. In fact, in this project the objective analysis of the central principle of the subject has been completed. Its concept was built in the following deductive measures. The measures establish study problems that result from the planned partnerships and organizational circumstances depending on the relevant data factors. These are focused on research problems. Since evaluating study issues, the findings of this analysis have been analysed. Last phase, as study concerns are not fully verified, is changing assumptions and hypotheses about the project topic.
Exploratory Research
It remains a research of brand-new occurrence. Flexibility characterizes exploratory science. If an issue is wide-ranging and not clearly specified, researchers continue with exploratory work. Research in research are a powerful way of recognizing what happens; searching for fresh insights; posing questions besides analysing the phenomena under new ways (Cyr., 2016).
Exploratory work seeks to explain problems, describe definitions, collect facts, obtain perspective, exclude unrealistic ideas, as well as establish theories more effectively. In science exploratory study, literature review, workshops, focus groups and case studies are typically used. Hypotheses may be established by exploratory work, but they are not checked (Nieswiadomy and Bailey., 2018).
Descriptive Research
In order to explain and illustrate the internal relationships and properties of a specific entity under review, work is necessary (Fung, and Lui., 2017). A detailed description of individuals, incidents and circumstance should emerge in the concise analysis. In comparison to exploratory analysis, comprehensive study describes problems, the individuals examined and the methodological approach before data is obtained. In other terms, concise analysis describes the dimensions of science: who, when, when, when, and how. Such training helps you to make the required improvements before the data collection process is undertaken. Nonetheless, empirical work itself can be deemed a result instead of a result (Moser and Korstjens., 2018).
Explanatory Research
When it comes to interactions between causes and effects, the research will clarify which causes and results are created (Burgette et al.,2018). The focus in case study is whether one variable causes adjustment to another variable or is "responsible for" adjustments. The broader definition of trigger is that certain external causes contribute to a shift in the variable base.
Hypothesis is focused on empirical analysis another form of study, so why and how questions are addressed is generated by the hypothesis. Human beings are more involved than in finding factors in our perception, interpretation, estimation and regulation of interactions between variables. Explanatory experiments go deeper than explanation to seek to clarify why the introductory research just noticed this occurrence. The analyst utilizes ideas or explanations during an experimental analysis that describe the factors that induced a certain event that happen.
Researcher Yin points out that the borders are not always transparent across groups. The analysis intent and questions suggest that, in pilot tests, the study is mostly informative and explanatory; this will enable us to address a question of "what" as well as to figure out how the causal connection between variables is formed in our conceptual sense. As previously stated, a study experiment in the pilot process was used and helped us change the model of study as appropriate.
The data were obtained primarily from secondary sources and the primary source used is the internet. The main reason for that it is very cost-effective as well as easy to use. Information was obtained from well-verified sources. This is because the information on the subject may not be accurate and may not be precise in many websites. Therefore, proper consideration will be given to the documents to be used for testing purposes. Here it should be noted that there are already secondary data available and previous research has identified them. The details gathered was also in no way distorted or used to gain an intuition regarding the subject and the analysis should be focused on professional perception.
It is also collected and accessed through library from books relating to the subject as well as these books involving the usage of music therapy for treating depression are included in this case and a connection to the subject being studied is tracked. It is essential to label certain pages with valuable details in order to gather data from books and to mention the different aspects that are required for study. Often important are publications and academic articles, which mostly available via the cyberspace. Nonetheless, articles considered to be important are still used for that reason. Peer approved comments are considered to the degree that they are accurate to a greater level. In order to get a concrete understanding on this topic, case studies are often widely used. Nonetheless, these will be carefully gathered in order to prevent any unnecessary case studies.
Outline of Accumulated data
Different metrics, both qualitative as well as quantitative metrics, are used. In order to provide a concise description of this, it may be assumed that the following data sets are commonly used for analysis purposes:
The accumulated information is evaluated using a hybrid approach that combines both qualitative as well as quantitative data processing concepts. The term "mixed" applies to a modern technique in study as well as data were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated, as described in this approach (Burgette et al.,2020). The quantitative dimensions of data such as figures on the effectiveness of music therapy treatments on treating patients suffering with normal ass well as comorbid depression shall be evaluated using quantitative methods. Specific factors such as impact of music on patients of depression shall be studied using methodological approaches ().
The extracted data were evaluated to reach the full field of study. There will be a minimum of 30 papers gathered and reviewed and coherence preserved throughout the research (). The key explanation for utilizing this approach is the combination of qualitative and quantitative data on the topic and the synergistic application of the results. Data was processed and used both closed and open completed details (Gómez-Romero et al.,2017).
Therefore, quantitative statistics frequently darken the nature of some given topic, and do not necessarily provide a straightforward interpretation of the topic. Statistics, for example, take a broad number of events into account and therefore leaves no room to consider more specific details and particular incidents. At the other side, a consistency study rarely permits reliable data relating to the subject (Aalbers et al.,2019). The use of a mitigated analytical approach would then allow the topic to be better understood. The mixed analytical approach would require numerical consistency and individualistic analysis to be combined. In comparison, methodological approaches are extended to the different case studies obtained from online media. The figures and statistical dimensions of the relevant topic on the research context, would be evaluated using quantitative techniques, though. It will use the blended approach to evaluate the data and distribute the tests.
If experiments tested identical interventions and reported comparable findings, the learner reviewed the research using the tools of the Review Manager and gathered meta-analytical evidence. For constant results, and the likelihood ratios (ORs) for dichotomous outcomes, the learner has performed a meta?analysis using usable or measured standard mean differences (SMDs). The learner selected SMD because we expected several different scales to be used in the trials and because established protocols make it simpler to understand the scales, particularly when the researcher use lower-known scales (Atiwannapat et al.,2016) as well as predicted that the actual effects would not be identical for all experiments, along with the learner therefore intended to analyse the data using a random effect model to draw together results and summarize the findings of all included studies. In the tests, the learner used vulnerability metrics such as 95% trust intervals and T2 as well as I2 figures. When adequate empirical details for meta?analysis were not presented or if meta?analysis was deemed inappropriate to yield scientifically relevant findings, only summary summaries of all experiments were expected to be generated to provide a systematic assessment of available facts. In order to address all studies accurately (for example, use the same pieces of knowledge for each analysis and in the same sequence) we created a concise article for each study.
Subgroup variance study and work
The learner decided to show the findings of subgroups separately as we established heterogeneity along with planned to research the following scientific variability.
Diagnosis of illness,gender, co-morbidity symptoms of patients.
Therapy modality-patient or group therapy.
Music therapy form.
Review of sensitivity
The learner scheduled the next sensitivity study to analyse the intensity of the findings, where appropriate, in order to obtain primary tests.
Ethical consideration
The work has tried to remain clear of ethical conflict as well as has attempted to meet the principles of scientific science. To order to prevent any wrongdoing, the scientists must seek to perform the whole work to compliance with the guidelines. Throughout that purpose, a testing procedure to be implemented to conclude the whole experiment should be planned. All the details on the participants, staff, the position of each member of the team should appear in the procedure. As the full analysis is carried out by the secondary support the writers seek not to plagiarize the text. In fact, the analysis should be done in a way that would provide equal consideration to all writers whose writing has been included in the report.
The study must tackle the basic research questions and discuss ethical principles. The study proposal will be submitted to the Ethics Review Board for review. The study must continue after receiving the university 's approval. To order to use and gather data, the permission must be sought from the businesses. The University Board must provide a copy of the same. In fact, all measures to marinate the knowledge used in the study will be taken with maximum secrecy. Participants' identification is kept absolutely hidden.
Chapter 4 Result
Six experiments have been carefully included in RCTs as the investigators have confirmed only that the sample is random but that the randomisation procedure is not known. The participants aged between the ages of 18 and 95. Five experiments were mainly witnessed by older subjects, although two had younger subjects. Two research enrolled students 18 years of age and over who were male. Across four trials, healthy volunteers were recruited. Three new trials enrolled depression participants. The length of the sessions was variable between the tests. Eleven research mandated that at least 30-60 minutes per study session be listening to music. None of the findings explained the length of the operation. Throughout the total period of trials, eight experiments provided 10 or more sessions. The duration of the song, from once a week to three or four days a day, often differed greatly. Eight research completed routine music listening. Eight experiments allowed participants to pick what they heard or performed their preferred music during the sessions. Two reports used GDS-30 as a metric in order to assess depressive symptoms. The analysis by Chan took four weeks to finish. The research by Guetin, on the other side, lasted up to 16 weeks (Aalbers et al.,2017). So, in both tests, the researcher wanted to put together the findings for week 4. Two experiments indicate a major variance for the concept of fixed effects and the Cochran Q test. The variability in both experiments was demonstrated by the forest map. The reason that all experiments were conducted on the aged was possibly attributed to the reality that one participant with Alzheimer's form of dementia was institutionalized, while another category was stable city dwellers. The baseline distress levels for the Guetin analysis were often variable between groups. For both tests, the baseline GDS-30 scores in the music band were every at week 4. Just statistically meaningful (p= 0.002) was obtained by the Chan report, although figures for the category were not calculated by Guetin research. All research has recorded an improvement in baseline depression score at 4 weeks in the study community. Nevertheless, the GDS-30 performance in the control group improved considerably only in the Chan \report. The test findings from Chan were independently seen as early as after week 2 of therapy to substantially decreased the baseline depression level (Feng et al.,2017). According to separate baseline depression scores for the Guetin sample and the control group, improvements in baseline depression scores were used for assessing. After 16 weeks, the depression level increased 46.1 points, while the control group increased just 1.3 percent.
For one study, DASS-21 was used to assess signs of depression. The study was designed for pre-test and post-testing in Coronary Angiography patients. A set range consisting of three parts of music and was listened to by the music group members for 20 minutes prior to the procedure. The controls were seated on a soft bed for 20 minutes in a relaxing role. Until angiography, depression rates were considerably reduced among the music group, while the control group registered about the same levels of depression as before. The median depression scores were lowered for all classes, but the depression scores within the two groups did not vary substantially. The S-ZDDQ was included in one research to measure distress in aged populations. A music CD with a relaxing lesson was played every night for a week by the Muscle Relaxation Team, while every night for a week there was a muscle Relaxation CD with no music in the background. The community members then combined = 23.5 SD = 3.8) to calm the muscle (mean = 22.8, SD = 4.9) and vice versa. No significant (p>0.06) differences were found in the depression scores between classes and there were no correlations between order or strategies and depression (Istvandity., 2017).
Three researches used the POMS subscale with depressive effects to measure them. Emery 's study was a pre-test and post-test design in which the students listened to music for 1 week before watching the blank tape during the workout for another week. The Author reported that depressed symptoms correlated with exercise have reduced significantly although listening to music may not have any impact on depressive symptoms. A replicated test of three group design was used in the Särkämö research. Three intervention groups and a control group occurred. The participants in one study community listened to music of preference using a handheld CD-player, and the others listened to cassette audio books chosen by the participants. The results show that the music band's distress level was significantly lower at 3 months than the control band and slightly lower at 6 months. In Tornek 's research it was a pre-test and post-test style, in the context of stressed mothers, who displayed disruptive or retired behaviour (Ray and Götell., 2018). All four researchers have demonstrated that after listening to the album they have reduced in a slightly distressed state (p < 0.06).
Chapter 5 Discussion
In contrast to their study colleagues that undergo care as normal, Hinterberger along with Leubner identified results of control groups seeking alternate treatments (non-music therapy). For all these populations that provided alternate treatments similar to the TAU substantial differences have been found about the ratings of depressive symptoms (DSS). Hendricks et al. have also supported these results by demonstrating the substantial increase of DSS of suicidal patients in the application of CBT (TAU) in treatment-as-usual (p<0.05) (Jasemi, Aazami, and Zabihi,., 2016). Chan, in another review, revealed that, if the 2 treatments were not isolated, the introduction of music therapy to CBT (GDS-15) approaches would deteriorate the DSS of the stakes. On the contrary, the difference between the two therapies did not influence the DSS (p>0.05) in the same patient. Such results included two postulates, which may be used to equate the process by which music therapy relieves stress to mechanisms by which CBT does the same, although sensitizing or targeting patients at one period only on a specific form of non-pharmacological treatment. Such results show that music therapy can be used to treat stress as an alternative to CBT and vice versa. Nevertheless, few of the writers have stressed the essential criteria of depression frequency and form for the comparison between the two therapies. Certain forms of non-musical treatments applied to the patient populations include monomorphic sounds, speech counselling, performing psychotherapy and therapeutic drugs. The efficacy of such measures in alleviating the depressions either with or without comorbid illness was substantiated either conclusively shown by numerous scholars. For one research the results suggested that, by treating individuals with Comorbid Depression and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), psychoanalytic psychotherapy shows broad impact measurements relative to CBT (Chen, Hannibal, and Gold., 2016). Such results suggest that non-pharmacological approaches (whether musically or not) are successful in reducing depressive symptoms; nevertheless, their efficacy differs across target populations. Research will also investigate which non-pharmacological treatments for the individual group of suicidal patients are ideally adapted. Throughout their research, Hinterberger along with Leubner identified the efficacy of therapeutic intervention as distinct classes, such as music therapy, cognitive behavioural therapies and pharmacological interventions. These similarities are similarly unwarranted from a legal point of view. Specific clinical recommendations recommend that the treatment of MDD patients is mandatory through pharmacological treatments against medications irrespective of their depressive intensity (Sari, Sukartini, and Yunitasari., 2020). The Hinterberger along with Leubner research take-home factors, though, indicates that music therapy and anti-depressant treatment should be used interchangeably. The reality that suicidal people are still vulnerable to risk of self-injury will discourage this kind of hypothesis. Several findings have demonstrated that the possibility of self-harm in individuals with MDD may be reduced by music therapy. Research will also explore the role of music therapy, along with pharmacological treatments, in the treatment by stakeholders of such periods or symptoms of depression. The role of music in avoiding depression reappears should be explored by future research. Musical rehabilitation in conjunction with opioid therapies for the diagnosis of severe symptoms of stress will also be discussed. They can also be used to handle recurrent depressive symptoms as an alternative recovery tool after the severe incidents have diminished.
This may be extrapolated from theHinterberger along with Leubner that music therapy and CBT are having a similar result, so it could help a patient with MDD understand and transcend conduct that is harmful to their personal and professional well-being. These speculations indicate that music therapy may function by raising the individual's tolerance and ability to cope with his or her ideas which cause depression. Such results are in accordance with Hinterberger along with Leubner’s substantiations (Kavak, Ünal, and Y?lmaz., 2016). In order to recall these writers, music must change human physical, physiological and psychological conditions. The definition of community unconsciousness can come into play in this regard. Art may be hypothesized to cause the mutual unconsciousness of the mind correlated with self-belief, self-exploration, and self-determination. Motivation for this trait may enable a person not only to transcend the depressive symptoms or the feelings it caused, but also to take them beyond their dreams.
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