Academic Resources

Referencing Styles Guide

Master the art of academic attribution and navigate APA, MLA, Harvard, OSCOLA, Vancouver, and more with clear examples, step-by-step guidance, and confidence in every assignment.

What is referencing?

Referencing is the systematic practice of acknowledging the sources of ideas, data, or quotations in academic writing. It allows a student to present its intellectual honesty by giving credit to original authors and providing a reader a way to trace information back to its source. That's why proper referencing is essential across essays, reports, dissertations, research and other scholarly works. All while ensuring all claims are supported by reliable evidence.

The purpose of referencing goes beyond avoiding plagiarism. It:

Enhances credibility → showing that arguments are grounded in recognised research.
Improves traceability → enabling readers and markers to locate sources quickly.
Supports academic integrity → demonstrating ethical and professional writing.
Strengthens arguments → providing evidence to back claims and interpretations.

Practically, referencing combines in-text citations, which link claims to sources within the text, and a reference list or Works Cited page, which provides full publication details. Different academic disciplines use different citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or Vancouver, because each style shows the logic of the subject area. Furthermore, referencing is not just a formatting exercise; it is a structured system connecting ideas, evidence, and evaluation, helping markers follow reasoning clearly and efficiently.

Not just that, but if you fail to reference correctly, that means you lost credibility, obscured evidence, and led to academic penalties. That's why it's recommended to master proper referencing, which can help you demonstrate professionalism and uphold academic standards while ensuring work is credible, verifiable, and authoritative.

APA Referencing Style (7th Edition)

APA referencing (7th edition) is widely used in psychology, education, health sciences, and other social science disciplines where research currency and methodological clarity directly influence academic evaluation. It is usually required in research-driven subjects where publication date affects how evidence is interpreted and applied. Unlike styles that primarily support reading flow, APA foregrounds the publication year so readers can quickly judge how recent and relevant the supporting evidence is.

Furthermore, these subjects depend heavily on current studies and evolving research findings; markers expect publication dates to appear clearly and consistently throughout assignments. APA’s author-date system allows sources to be verified immediately while maintaining structured academic argumentation.

Core Citation Logic of APA Referencing

APA referencing operates on an author–date citation system, placing sources directly in the text rather than in footnotes. This ensures that readers can immediately assess the currency and relevance of the evidence.

Standard in-text citation format:

Parenthetical: (Taylor, 2021)
Narrative: Taylor (2021) explains that research currency influences interpretation of findings.

Key points to follow:

The publication year is central, it signals research currency and allows readers to evaluate how current the evidence is.
Citation patterns must remain consistent across all source types (books, journal articles, reports, websites, and digital sources).
Markers evaluate referencing not by memorising individual rules but by checking that the author–date structure is stable and applied uniformly throughout the assignment.

In-Text Citation Structure in APA Style

APA referencing ensures sources are cited within the text, highlighting research currency and supporting traceable, consistent academic evidence.

Single author: (Taylor, 2021)
Two authors: (Taylor & Ahmed, 2021)
Three or more authors:(Taylor et al., 2021)
Organisation as author:(World Health Organization, 2022)
Direct quote / specific passage:(Taylor, 2021, p. 84)

Note: Consistency across citations matters more than complexity. Markers expect patterns to remain stable once established.

Reference List Structure in APA Style

A complete reference list appears at the end of the assignment under the heading References and includes full details for every cited source. Entries must be alphabetical by author surname, with the publication year immediately after the author to highlight research currency. Titles of books and journals are italicised, while article, chapter, and webpage titles follow sentence case.

Typical APA Reference Patterns:

Source Type	Reference List Pattern	In-Text Citation
Book	Author, Initial. (Year). Title. Publisher.	(Author, Year)
Journal article	Author, Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), pages.	(Author, Year)
Website	Author/Organisation. (Year). Page title. URL	(Author, Year)
Dissertation / Thesis	Author, Initial. (Year). Title [Unpublished dissertation/assignment]. Institution	(Author, Year)
Assignment / Coursework	Organisation/Tool. (Year). Description of output. URL (if available)	(Author, Year)

Execution Notes:

Maintain alphabetical order; do not mix numbering or sequences
Use DOIs for journal articles whenever available.
Italicisation, punctuation, and sentence case must be consistent across all sources
Ensure dissertations and assignments are correctly marked as unpublished to distinguish from books or journals.

The approach is compact and actionable; it also helps in avoiding repeating in-text citation rules. All while adding practical guidance for assignments and dissertations.

Common APA Referencing Mistakes Students Make

Using et al. too early

APA 7th allows 'et al.' only for three or more authors; two-author sources always include both surnames.

Misplacing publication years

The year must appear immediately after the author to maintain the author–date evidence structure.

Incorrect title capitalisation

APA uses sentence case; title case often signals confusion with MLA or Chicago conventions.

Formatting DOIs incorrectly

DOIs should appear as standard links where available.

Mixing APA 6th edition features

Outdated running heads, publisher locations, or retrieval phrases indicate incomplete APA 7th adaptation. Avoiding these issues strengthens consistency before applying the next referencing system correctly.

Avoiding these issues strengthens consistency before applying the next referencing system correctly.

Institutional Variation Across UK Universities

APA referencing follows a recognised international structure, but UK universities may apply local expectations for punctuation, layout, or digital citation presentation. Always follow your module handbook first, then departmental guidance, and finally university referencing policies where differences appear. These sources take priority over general APA examples found online.

Harvard Referencing Style (UK Academic Standard)

Harvard referencing is the most widely used citation system across UK universities, especially in business, nursing, education, and social science programmes. It is typically required in subjects where arguments develop through continuous discussion rather than footnote-based authority tracking. Because Harvard uses an author–date structure inside the sentence, markers can verify evidence quickly while continuing to follow your reasoning without interruption. Actually its strength lies in consistency. Thus, once citation patterns are established, markers expect them to remain stable throughout the assignment. Changes in structure are usually interpreted as referencing control problems rather than acceptable variation.

Core Citation Logic of Harvard Referencing

Harvard uses an author-date citation system, which means sources appear directly within the sentence instead of in footnotes. A typical citation includes the author’s surname and publication year. Here’s the example: (Smith, 2022) The format allows readers to identify supporting evidence immediately while continuing to follow the argument. It's because citations remain visible inside the text, and Harvard supports structured reasoning across long paragraphs without breaking the reading flow. Also in universities, markers do not look for Harvard referencing by memorising rules line by line. Instead, they just scan for pattern stability. So, once a citation structure appears, it should remain consistent across books, journal articles, reports and websites.

In-Text Citation Structure in Harvard Style

Harvard in-text citations link ideas directly to their sources using a concise author-date system. The structure is non-negotiable, and markers interpret consistency as a signal of proper source control. Deviations weaken traceability and reduce credibility.

Key rules for Harvard in-text citations:

Single author: Include the surname and year of publication.
Example: (Brown, 2021)
Two authors:Both surnames appear, connected by "and".
Example: (Brown and Ahmed, 2021)
Three or more authors:Use the first surname followed by et al.
Example: (Brown et al., 2021)
Organisational authors:When material is published by an institution, the organisation name replaces the author.
Example: (World Health Organization, 2020)
Page numbers:Include when quoting directly or referring to specific sections to maintain precision.
Example: (Brown, 2021, p. 45)

Execution principle: Once a citation structure is established, it must be applied consistently throughout the assignment. Markers focus on repetition and reliability rather than citation complexity.

Reference List Structure in Harvard Style

The reference list appears at the end of the assignment under the heading References, listing full publication details for every cited source. Entries are arranged alphabetically by author surname to allow markers to locate sources quickly. Publication years appear immediately after the author name, and titles of books and journals are italicised to distinguish them from article or chapter titles. The primary expectation is that citation patterns remain consistent across all source types.

Typical Harvard reference patterns follow this structure:

Source Type	Reference List Pattern	In-Text Citation
Book	Author, Initial(s). (Year) Title. Place: Publisher.	(Author, Year)
Journal article	Author, Initial(s). (Year) Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), page range.	(Author, Year)
Website	Author or Organisation (Year) Page title. Available at: URL	(Author, Year)
Dissertation / Thesis	Author, Initial(s). (Year) Title (unpublished PhD/Master’s dissertation). University Name.	(Author, Year)
Assignment / Coursework	Author, Initial(s). (Year) Title (unpublished assignment). Module/University Name.	(Author, Year)

The goal is not memorising formats mechanically but maintaining a repeatable structure across sources so markers can match citations quickly and confidently.

Common Harvard Referencing Mistakes Students Make

Even small referencing errors can undermine credibility; the following common Harvard mistakes highlight pitfalls students frequently encounter.

Multiple works by the same author in the same year

Must be distinguished using the a/b system (e.g., 2022a, 2022b). Failing to do so prevents markers from accurately matching in-text citations to the reference list.

Corporate authorship errors

When an organisation, not an individual, is responsible for the work, the organisation must be cited as the author.

Sources with no publication date

Label such sources as (n.d.). Repeated use of undated sources can weaken chronological clarity in arguments.

Over-reliance on secondary referencing

Only use secondary citations when the original source cannot be accessed. Frequent use signals limited engagement with primary literature and reduces credibility.

Institutional Variation Across UK Universities

Harvard referencing does not exist as a single fixed national version. Most UK universities publish their own guidance with small differences in punctuation, ordering, or layout expectations. Always follow your module handbook first, then department guidance, then university referencing guidance. These sources take priority over general Harvard examples found online.

OSCOLA Referencing Style (UK Law Standard)

OSCOLA is the referencing system used across UK law schools to demonstrate how legal authority supports an argument. Unlike author–date styles such as Harvard or APA, OSCOLA places citations in footnotes so readers can immediately identify jurisdiction, precedent strength, and statutory force without interrupting sentence structure. However, in legal assignments, referencing is not treated as formatting support. Instead, it operates as evidence of authority control, meaning incorrect citation structure weakens the credibility of legal reasoning rather than simply affecting presentation accuracy.

And because of this, legal writing depends on binding sources rather than any descriptive discussion. Even markers expect OSCOLA citations to show whether arguments rely on precedent, legislation, or interpretation at the point where authority is introduced.

Core Citation Logic of OSCOLA Referencing

OSCOLA uses numbered footnotes instead of bracketed in-text citations. Superscript numerals appear after punctuation and connect each sentence to its supporting authority at the bottom of the page, allowing legal sources to be verified immediately without interrupting analytical flow.

For example: The statutory interpretation applied in similar cases has been confirmed.¹

Within footnotes, sources must normally appear in the following order:

cases as binding precedent
legislation as statutory authority
secondary commentary as interpretation support

Markers expect this hierarchy to remain consistent throughout the assignment because authority order signals whether the writer understands how legal arguments are constructed.

Footnote Citation Structure in OSCOLA

OSCOLA footnotes reflect the legal authority role of each source rather than simple authorship identification. Cases are italicised because they establish precedent, legislation identifies operative statutory provisions, and secondary materials support interpretation where primary authority leaves analytical space.

Here are typical OSCOLA footnotes citation patterns:

Source Type	Footnote Citation Pattern
Case	Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 (HL).
Legislation	Human Rights Act 1998, s 6.
Journal article	Paul Craig, ‘Theory of Judicial Review’ (2013) 29 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 123.
Dissertation / Thesis	Author, Title (PhD thesis, University Name Year).
Assignment / Coursework	Author, Title (unpublished coursework, University Name Year).

These structures allow readers to recognise immediately whether a footnote creates authority (cases), applies authority (legislation), or supports interpretation (secondary sources), which is central to OSCOLA’s authority-first citation logic.

Table of Authorities in OSCOLA Assignments

OSCOLA referencing does not normally rely on a standard alphabetical reference list used in author–date systems. Instead, many UK law faculties require a Table of Authorities, which groups sources by category so markers can evaluate reliance patterns quickly and confirm whether binding authority has been prioritised correctly across the submission.

Where required by your module handbook, this table is organised under three headings:

cases
legislation
secondary sources

Where a Table of Authorities is required, it normally replaces the standard reference list used in author-date referencing systems.

Common Harvard Referencing Mistakes Students Make

Even small referencing errors can undermine credibility; the following common Harvard mistakes highlight pitfalls students frequently encounter.

Placing commentary before binding authority

Footnotes should prioritise cases and legislation before secondary interpretation.

Missing neutral citations for cases

Omitting neutral citations reduces jurisdictional traceability during verification.

Treating legislation as a background description

Statutes function as binding authority, not contextual support material.

Mixing Harvard author-date citations

author-date structures conflict with OSCOLA’s footnote-based authority system.

Misusing 'ibid.' or 'above n'

Incorrect cross-referencing breaks authority continuity within legal footnotes.

Avoiding these errors ensures stronger authority sequencing before applying institutional OSCOLA expectations correctly.

Institutional Variation Across UK Universities

OSCOLA follows a nationally standardised framework across UK law schools, so core citation rules remain consistent between institutions. However, some modules differ in whether a table of authorities, a bibliography, or both are required.
Law faculties may also apply small expectations around abbreviation use or repeated citation handling in extended coursework. Always follow your module handbook first, then departmental guidance, and finally university referencing policies where requirements differ from general OSCOLA examples.

Vancouver Referencing Style (Numeric Evidence Tracking System)

Vancouver referencing uses a strict numeric citation system designed for subjects where large volumes of evidence must remain traceable and easily verified. Here, each source is assigned a permanent number at its first appearance in the text, and this number is retained throughout the assignment. This system is common in UK universities for disciplines including medicine, nursing, biomedical sciences, pharmacy, public health, and clinical research subjects where dense evidence clusters require rapid, unambiguous verification. Markers rely on numbering continuity to confirm the accuracy and reliability of referenced research without resorting to alphabetical searches.

Core Citation Logic of Vancouver Referencing

Vancouver referencing replaces author-name citations with numbers corresponding to reference entries, creating a mechanically consistent evidence-tracking system. Numbering rules must be followed strictly to maintain verification integrity:

Assign numbers in order of first appearance: Example: Recent studies confirm improved treatment outcomes [1].
Reuse the same number whenever the source appears again: Example: Further confirmation remains consistent with earlier findings [1].
Group sequential sources using numeric ranges: Example: Clinical comparisons show consistent agreement across multiple studies [2–4].
Maintain original numbers when adding new sources later: Example: Earlier findings remain supported alongside newer clinical evidence [1, 5–6].
Separate non-sequential citations with commas: Example: Evidence from multiple independent studies supports this conclusion [2, 5, 9].

Consistent citation style: Use either bracketed or superscript numbers throughout; mixing formats signals citation-control errors. Numeric ranges should only be used for uninterrupted sequences within a sentence.

Numbering Continuity in Vancouver Referencing

Citation numbering remains continuous across the entire assignment, including tables, figures, charts, and appendices. Even sources cited outside the main text must retain their original numbers. Markers expect this continuity because restarting sequences or renumbering sources disrupts the evidence-tracking framework and forces verification reconstruction, which is interpreted as poor technical control.

Reference List Structure in Vancouver Referencing

The Vancouver reference list is presented at the end of the assignment and includes full publication details for each numbered source. Unlike author–date systems, entries appear in the order sources first appear in the text, allowing markers to trace citations directly without searching for authors. Here are the typical Vancouver reference patterns:

Source Type	Reference List Pattern	In-Text Citation
Journal article	Author(s). Title. Journal Name. Year; Volume(Issue): Pages.	[1]
Book	Author(s). Title. Edition (if not first). Place: Publisher; Year.	[2]
Website	Author/Organisation. Title. Available from: URL. Year.	[3]
Conference paper	Author(s). Title. In: Conference Name; Year Month Day; Location. Place: Publisher; Year. p. Pages.	[4]
Dissertation / Thesis	Author(s). Title. Level (PhD diss. / MSc thesis), University, Year.	[5]
Research paper (database)	Author(s). Title. Database Name, Publisher (if relevant), Year, Pages or Document Number.	[6]
Student assignment (unpublished)	Author(s). Assignment Title. Module name, university, year.	[7]

This structure ensures each citation connects to a single numbered reference entry, preventing ambiguity and maintaining verification accuracy.

Common Vancouver Referencing Mistakes Students Make

Students often compromise citation integrity in technical assignments, which markers view as sequence-control failures:

Restarting numbering after edits

Markers must reconstruct source order manually, weakening traceability and clarity.

Renumber sources incorrectly instead

Original citation numbers are lost, confusing readers and breaking reference continuity.

Mix brackets and superscripts

Inconsistent formats distract from professional presentation and reduce credibility.

Arrange references alphabetically instead

Alphabetical order violates Vancouver’s sequential citation logic.

Use inconsistent punctuation formatting

Errors in punctuation or style diminish clarity and undermine professionalism.

Correcting these mistakes ensures citations remain accurate, traceable, and fully compliant with Vancouver standards.

Institutional Variation Across UK Universities

While Vancouver follows an internationally recognised numeric system, UK universities may vary in expectations regarding:

Superscript versus bracketed citation style
Journal title abbreviations
DOI or URL presentation requirements.

Always prioritise your module handbook first, then departmental guidance, and finally university referencing rules when discrepancies arise. Following this order ensures compliance with both local and international Vancouver standards.

MLA Referencing Style (Text-Based Attribution System)

MLA referencing is used in subjects where arguments depend on analysing wording inside texts rather than comparing research timelines or legal authority structures. It helps readers trace interpretations back to exact passages through clear page-level citations. In UK universities, MLA is commonly required in English literature, cultural studies, language studies, media and film analysis, and comparative humanities subjects. Students doing assignments are experted to keep interpretations to stay closely supported by precise textual reference throughout academic writing.

Core Citation Logic of MLA Referencing

MLA uses an author-page citation system placed inside the sentence, not in footnotes or author-date brackets. A standard in-text citation includes the author's surname and page number: (Smith 84)

Key citation adjustments follow predictable rules:

Publication year is not normally included because humanities interpretation depends on locating wording inside a text rather than showing research currency.
If the author name appears in the sentence, only the page number remains in brackets: Smith argues that narrative framing shapes interpretation (84).
If no author is available, MLA uses a shortened version of the title instead of inventing authorship ("Modernism and Memory” 42)
If citing multiple works by the same author, MLA adds a shortened title to distinguish sources: (Smith, Modernism 84)

Markers expect page numbers whenever they are available, because omission weakens passage-level traceability in humanities analysis.

Works Cited Structure in MLA Referencing

MLA uses a Works Cited page to present full publication details for every source cited in the assignment. Entries follow a structured attribution order and are arranged alphabetically by author surname so readers can match in-text citations quickly to their corresponding sources across books, articles, websites, films, dissertations, theses, research papers, and student assignments.

Typical MLA reference patterns follow this structure:

Source Type	Works Cited Pattern	In-Text Citation
Book	Author. Title of Book. Publisher, Year.	(Author page)
Journal article	Author. “Article Title.” Journal Name, Vol. #, No. #, Year, Pages.	(Author page)
Website	Author/Organisation. “Page Title.” Website Name, Publisher (if different), Date, URL.	(Author page or shortened title)
Film	Film Title. Directed by Director, Production Company, Year.	(Film Title)
Dissertation / Thesis	Author. Title. Level (PhD diss. / MA thesis), University, Year.	(Author page)
Research paper (database)	Author. “Paper Title.” Database Name, Publisher (if relevant), Year, Pages or Document Number.	(Author page)
Student assignment (unpublished)	Author. Assignment Title. Module name, university, year.	(Author page)

Container Logic in MLA Referencing

MLA uses container logic to show where a source sits within a wider publication environment such as a journal issue, edited collection, or digital archive. Container titles appear in italics because they identify the access location of a text, not just its formatting. Markers expect this sequence to remain accurate and consistent, since incorrect container ordering makes quotations harder to verify during assessment checking across humanities referencing submissions in practice.

Common MLA Referencing Mistakes Students Make

Students often weaken MLA traceability in their assignments, which markers view as problems rather than minor formatting slips. Common mistakes include:

Adding publication years in citations

This weakens page-level tracing expected in MLA and confuses textual interpretation.

Omitting page numbers when available

This disconnects interpretive claims from the passages being analysed.

Formatting titles inconsistently

This blurs the distinction between standalone works and shorter texts within containers.

Using URLs as primary identifiers

This reduces clarity and obscures author attribution.

Combining multiple works by the same author

This removes distinctions needed for accurate source matching.

Omitting editors or translators when relevant

This diminishes clarity when editions influence interpretation.

Correcting these mistakes ensures in-text citations remain fully traceable across all humanities sources.

Institutional Variation Across UK Universities

MLA referencing follows a widely known international structure. However, UK universities may apply specific expectations for works-cited layout, handling of digital sources, or citation of media texts such as films and performances. Students should follow their module handbook first, then department guidance, and finally university-wide referencing policies. This ensures any variations are applied correctly while staying fully compliant with MLA standards.

Chicago Referencing Style (Notes & Bibliography vs Author-Date)

Chicago referencing is used in subjects where arguments depend on interpretation, historical evidence, or layered engagement with multiple sources rather than simple author–date support. Chicago, unlike Harvard or APA, has two different citation systems. Before starting to reference, students must use the version that their field requires.

In UK universities, Chicago normally appears in the following:

history
humanities
literature
theology
cultural studies

In Chicago style, each system structures citations differently. Professors expect students to apply one system consistently across notes, bibliography entries, and repeated citations throughout the assignments.

Core Citation Logic of Chicago Referencing

Chicago uses two recognised citation systems, each suited to different disciplines:

1. Notes & Bibliography (NB)

Mainly used in humanities writing.
Citations appear as numbered footnotes or endnotes, allowing sources to be referenced without interrupting analytical discussion.
Notes can include brief contextual explanations, making this system suitable when interpretation develops across multiple sources rather than single-study evidence.

2. Author–Date

Primarily used in social sciences.
Citations appear in brackets within sentences, similar to Harvard or APA style.
Punctuation, formatting, and bibliography structure follow Chicago-specific rules, not general author–date conventions.

Mastering Chicago’s core logic can help you avoid structural errors. Now, next we’ll look forward to how sources are structured in Chicago.

Citation Structure in Chicago Referencing

In UK humanities assignments, the Notes & Bibliography (NB) system is most commonly used. Citations appear in footnotes with corresponding bibliography entries, ensuring clear source traceability for books, articles, dissertations, theses, and assignments.

Typical NB Citation Patterns:

Source Type	Footnote Example	Bibliography Example
Book	Mark Elliott, Public Law (Oxford: OUP, 2017), 84.	Elliott, Mark. Public Law. Oxford: OUP, 2017.
Journal article	Paul Craig, ‘Theory of Judicial Review’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 29 (2013): 123.	Craig, Paul. ‘Theory of Judicial Review’. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 29 (2013): 123–140.
Website	UK Supreme Court, 'Judgement Summary’, 2022.	UK Supreme Court. 'Judgement Summary’. 2022.
Dissertation / Thesis	Sarah Khan, Impact of Legal Reform (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Oxford, 2021), 57.	Khan, Sarah. Impact of Legal Reform. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Oxford, 2021.
Assignment	John Doe, Human Rights Report (unpublished undergraduate assignment, University College London, 2022), 12.	Doe, John. Human Rights Report. Unpublished undergraduate assignment. University College London, 2022.

This structure ensures traceability, preserves hierarchy, and adapts seamlessly across books, articles, dissertations, theses, and assignments.

Using Shortened Notes Correctly in Chicago Style

After the first full footnote citation appears, repeated references use shortened note formats instead of repeating complete publication details. This helps maintain readability while preserving traceability across longer assignments containing frequent source engagement.

A shortened note normally includes:

author surname
shortened title
page number

Markers expect shortened notes to remain consistent with the original full citation because mismatches reduce source traceability across extended discussion.

Common Chicago Referencing Mistakes Students Make

Even minor Chicago errors signal weak citation control, reducing credibility and traceability in academic assignments. Here are some mistakes students make:

Mixing Notes & Bibliography with Author–Date

Combining systems undermines methodological consistency.

Repeating full footnotes

Only the first citation should be full; subsequent references require shortened forms.

Notes and bibliography mismatches

Differences in author, title, or year reduce traceability and verification.

Incorrect punctuation or formatting

Misplaced commas, colons, italics, or quotation marks compromise structural integrity.

Inconsistent title case or italics

Discrepancies between notes and bibliography signal inattentive execution.

Omitting page numbers in quotations

Prevents accurate source location, weakening evidence reliability.

Maintaining strict Chicago discipline ensures authoritative, reliable, and fully traceable referencing in all assignments.

Institutional Variation Across UK Universities

Chicago referencing is globally standardised, yet UK universities may mandate either Notes & Bibliography or Author–Date for specific modules. Departments can specify footnote shortening, bibliography layout, or citation detail in extended coursework. Always prioritise your module handbook, followed by department and university guidance when requirements diverge from general Chicago conventions.

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