INTRODUCTION: IDENTIFICATION AND LOW POWER DRAWINGS OF TISSUE SLIDES A-F.
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SLIDE A: Identification to Plantar skin
Histological description:
Plantar skin is situated on the bottom part of the feet and adapts to the pressure from foot mechanical load and friction. This is well depicted by the thick, stratified squamous epithelium layer as shown in the adaptation tab. The stratum corneum is also the outermost layer, and this contains keratin, thus making cells here durable and unyielding to invasion and abrasion by microbes (Waśniewska et al. 2022). Below it, the stratum granulosum contains keratohyalin granules necessary to form the hydrophobic layer of dead cells. The spinosum layer is made up of keratinocytes joined by desmosines looking spiny under a lens. The deepest layer primarily known as the stratum basale is also known to divide itself through mitosis to replace worn-out skin cells. Being the thicker layer beneath the epidermis, the dermis is the body part of the skin which provides the skin with its major mechanical support by containing a relatively tightly packed connective tissue. A special skin layer on the sole of the foot is dermal ridges responsible for fingerprints and improved adhesion critical in supporting exercises. The skin on the plantar has eccrine glands that secrete sweat on the skin’s surface in order to help regulate temperature. Pronounced in this manner, the skin morphology can be considered specialized for high friction and pressure interface conditions.
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SLIDE B:Identification to Small intestine
Histological description:
The small intestine is a special organ for digestion and absorption of nutrients. To enhance the amount of the digestive surface area, its mucosa directly develops tiny structures referred to as villi (Balzer et al. 2022). These villi are encompassed with a simple layer of goblet cells of columnar epithelium that secrete mucus protecting the epithelium as well as the lining-secreting constituents required to assist in the drive of foods through the digestive tract. A submicroscopic structure of the microvilli that forms the brush border adds to the absorptive surface and holds enzymes to perform carbohydrate as well as protein digestion. Finally, at the base of the villi are the glands called crypts of Lieberkühn; which contain stem cells that replenish the epithelial lining. Paneth cells found at the bottom of the crypts secrete peptides that function as antimicrobials, thus the role in innate immunity. To begin with, the submucosa, especially in the second part of the duodena contains brunner’s glands. These glands secrete active alkaline mucus which tends to counterionize the acidic chyme from the stomach so as to offer a passive or near-neutral environment suitable for enzyme operation.
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SLIDE C:Identification to Trachea
Histological description:
The trachea is a principal part of the respiratory system and the place where air to the lungs flows through. Another important detail of tracheal tissue is pseudostratified columnar epithelium which contains the cilia and goblet cells. Cilia move in a coordinated, waving motion, pushing mucus and anything that may be entrapped within it upward toward the pharynx where it should be swallowed. Goblet cells well distributed among the epithelial cells secrete mucus that filters substances in the air while preventing their entry into the lower respiratory tract. Lying circumferentially around the above-mentioned layers, are C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage to support the tracheal lumen and prevent it from collapsing during breathing. The trachealis muscle covering the posterior portion of the trachea facilitates diameter change important in coughing and forced expiration.
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SLIDE D:Identification to Kidney
Histological description:
The kidney is one of the most developed organs of the body with primary functions of filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion within the body. Its cortex holds renal corpuscles the glomerulus a tuft of capillaries and a bowman capsule, where plasma filtration takes place. The filtrate proceeds to the nephron’s tubular system including, the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct all of which is situated in the kidney’s cortex.
The proximal tubule which is low columnar or cuboidal epithelium with a brush border reabsorbs glucose amino acids and ions. The descending limb of the Henle continues into the fiber of the medulla and provides a requirement concentrate gradient for the reabsorption of water. The distal tubule is also cuboidal; under hormonal influence, this part of the nephron is the final stage of solute reabsorption. It receives the loop of Henle and begins to transmit conjoint concentrated urine to the renal pelvis found in the medulla.
Nephrons obtain their supporting stroma in the form of interstitial tissue containing capillaries and fibroblasts, immune cells. More filtration and reabsorption show how the kidney helps to maintain fluids, filter wastes and regulate blood pressure.
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SLIDE E:Identification to Striated muscle
Histological description:
Skeletal muscle tissue is oriented as long, slender, cylindrical strands with transverse cross bands known as striations due to the sarcomeres. Sarcomeres contain thin filaments referred to as actin and thick filaments referred to as myosin. Fibers are placed peripherally while connective tissue layers including endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium bundle fibers into corresponding functional units. These adaptations allow force to be generated during contraction as a result of internal actions.
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SLIDE F:Identification to Adrenal gland
Histological description:
The adrenal gland is comprised cortex and medulla (Silverman et al. 2024). The cortex has three areas, the outer zona glomerulosa that synthesizes mineralocortisol and aldosterone, the middle zurona fasciculate that produces glucocorticoids and cortisol and the inner zona reticularis that synthesizes sex steroids-androgens. Contained within the medulla are chromaffin cells which secrete catecholamine (epinephrine & norepinephrine) during stress. This blood supply pattern breaks off its endocrine function.
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TUTOR SIGNATURE:_________________________________
Include your labelled digital images of the normal and abnormal cytological preparations in the spaces provided below (please resize to fit), together with a detailed written description.
You must have this sheet signed by a tutor before you leave the laboratory.
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Insert your labelled digital image(s) here:
Normal cells are called benign cells and have normal shape, size, and function required for maintaining balance within a body. These cells are round with sharp well-defined membranes surrounding them. Sharing the cytoplasm with other cells is a characteristic that firms all cellular structures including the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus required in energy production, protein synthesis, and transport respectively (Lindsay, and Russell, 2023). The nucleus is round to oval, well centralized, and contains evenly distributed, finely granular chromatin and a large nucleolus. This organization truly represents normal functioning alleles or ‘genes’ as well as the constant ‘transcription’ of these genes. Further, an abnormal cell characterizes uncontrolled growth and division, and it may not undergo apoptosis as a normal cell should, therefore, disrupting tissue structure and functioning.
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BC5063 - PRACTICAL 2 ASSESSMENT SHEET
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Morphology of abnormal cells is also considered to be irregular, and their functionality is also impaired. They may have shapes other than rounded, larger nuclei or more than one, and chromatin that is dispersed irregularly, suggesting that the genes within are not regulated properly (Mostafa, 2022). Cytoplasmic changes involve the enlargement and/or the appearance of vacuoles, or abnormally accumulating granules, due to metabolic abnormalities. The membrane can be structurally altered and may present as irregular, and protruding, which may indicate one of the cell signalling or adhesion properties altered. These cells often describe a number of features of the neoplastic state; uncontrolled proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and invasive potentials.
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