S4103 - Promoting Health and Preventing Ill Health Assignment

Introduction

The main focus of the poster is related to cardiovascular diseases, especially concentrating on the disease of coronary artery disease, which is one of the major causes of death in the UK. Coronary artery disease occurs in a condition where an individual’s heart’s blood supply is blocked or interrupted by a buildup of fatty substances in the coronary arteries. With time, it is identified that the walls of the arteries start depositing fat, and the overall heart becomes furred. This ultimately leads to heart attacks and heart failures, which have been a prominent issue that the majority of heart patients in the UK are facing.

The poster highlights the overall connection of the different harmful life choices made by the individuals living in the UK. Different epidemiological data based on the risks can be identified and discussed, and proper solutions can be suggested in promoting different healthy behaviours through which the improvement of the patients' health can be possible.

At Native Assignment Help, students can explore nursing assignment samples covering health promotion, cardiovascular diseases and patient education. Our Assignment Helper UK service provides subject-specific academic guidance to help students understand health inequalities, apply health promotion theories and develop evidence-based nursing recommendations. This sample demonstrates how to discuss coronary artery disease, lifestyle factors and culturally sensitive approaches to improving public health.

Healthy Lifestyles across the Life Course

Figure 1: Plaque build-up forming CAD

The main reason for choosing coronary artery disease in the field of nursing is related to increasing awareness about healthy lifestyle choices throughout the course of life. Healthy lifestyle choices are highly significant for people living in the UK, as there are a majority of cases of coronary artery disease CAD in the UK. It is identified that around 66000 deaths in the UK occur annually due to coronary artery disease (CAD), and more than 7.6 million people currently are living with heart and circulatory diseases in the UK (Bhf.org.uk, 2025). Thus, the issue of coronary artery disease or artery disease has been one of the prominent issues that are hampering social stability in the UK. There are different prominent reasons based on which the disease occurs, as it is completely based on the different harmful lifestyle choices that are made by individuals. Lifestyle choices like a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol, lack of a balanced diet and various other factors ultimately contribute to coronary artery disease (Turaman, 2022). Along with that, there are also other causes like hereditary heart disease-related issues, excess body weight or obesity, diabetes, cholesterol, high blood pressure and various others. CAD can also be controlled through positive and healthy lifestyle factors like exercising, eating a balanced diet, staying hydrated, quitting smoking and alcohol and performing annual precautionary health checkups (Faseru et al. 2022). These activities are lightly necessary in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle and stay away from CAD.

Epidemiological data related to the health and illness of populations and minority groups

The British health foundation has engaged in two detailed levels of studies named LOLLIPOP and SABRE, which have identified that people from the South Asian and African Caribbean communities have been highest in experiencing CAD compared to the white Europeans (Bhf.org.uk. (2025). “Sebastian Fox and Dr Asgher Champsi” at the University of Birmingham, after examining around 16700 people from 12 different types of clinical trials for heart patients, identified that there is a 36% more chance of risk of morbidity for the minority ethnic groups from these communities (Theguardian.com. (2025). The quality of life of these ethnic groups is degraded as they come from lower levels of financial backgrounds, and in the recent timeline Covid-19 pandemic has further complicated the overall situation as they have been hit hard financially. This has been one of the key reasons, which has financially hit the ethnic communities very hard, resulting in further destabilising their economic capabilities to enhance in conducting coronary tests and treatments. The “Equality Act 2010” of the UK has been strong enough in maintaining equal treatment in society, based on which future improvement in equality of treatment chances for the ethnic communities can be expected in the context of UK citizens (Gov.uk, 2025). The NHS has been highly involved in taking this issue seriously and enhancing its capabilities to provide support to all the citizens in an equal manner and not discriminating against ethnic communities.

Figure 2: Increased rate of systolic blood pressure of the African Caribbeans compared to Europeans in the UK

Indicators of healthy and unhealthy lifestyles and the link between cultural norms and values

It is mainly seen in the South Asian and African Caribbean communities that they are exposed to stress-related work-life patterns, as they mainly belong to financially backwards families and have less access to a balanced diet. Access to consumption of saturated fat-containing foods, including alcohol and smoking habits, often results in the development of coronary artery disease. Mainly in deprived areas, limited access to healthy food and safe exercise practices also results in the development of coronary artery disease (Rice et al. 2023). It is the responsibility of the UK Government to enhance awareness about CAD and start campaigning about the harmful effects of CAD, and promote positive solutions through which improvements for the ethnic communities can be expected. The different determinants of health for the ethnic communities are a lack of education, improper income sources, and lack of educated social environmental culture, which often leads to harmful health complications (Thomson et al. 2021). These are social constructs which create instances of getting more exposed to CAD for the ethnic communities. The UK Government, along with the NHS, must take important steps to which the complications related to high levels of CAD-related deaths in the ethnic communities in the UK can be controlled. Campaigning about positive eating habits and anti-campaigning about smoking and alcohol are the main steps that the UK Government can undertake, through which improvements in awareness development in society can be expected. Apart from that, proper implementation of the Equality Act 2010 is also necessary to be implemented in the UK to be efficient in decreasing the rates of CAD in the ethnic communities.

Factors influencing behaviour change and empowerment

The poster, through the utilisation of different health promotion theories or models, can be helpful in influencing the behaviour and changing it, through which improvements in ethnic healthcare services can be improved in the UK. Different factors influencing health promotion start from multiple and interactive societal constructions, along with within and outside control, through which positive cultural improvements occur (Sharma, 2021). These factors highly influence better health care outcomes for the ethnic communities as they develop better knowledge and self-control to maintain healthy lifestyle choices. Based on the effective implementation of the Health Promotion Model, a better and more clarified understanding can be developed about improving CAD-related health care facilities for the ethnic communities in the UK. The Health Promotion Model suggests that personal characteristics and experiences of different persons are different in nature and can be modified according to the desired behavioural outcomes (Santos et al. 2025). These can be helpful in enhancing the overall health conditions of the ethnic communities in the UK by enhancing lifestyle factors that can empower the ethnic communities, resulting in making positive behavioural changes.

Communication and Interpersonal Skills in Health Promotion

There are different interpersonal skills that are necessary for improving nursing practices in order to provide effective care, as developing different interpersonal skills is highly necessary, through which enhancements in personal nursing practices can be achieved. The South Asian and African Caribbean communities, who are the ethnic communities of the UK, are highly necessary for the nurses, through which transparency and better trust development among the nurses and these community people can be developed. Through communication, the nurses can be able to inform about the important factors of consideration through which chances of awareness about CAD and its harmful impacts can be evaluated (Pérez-Del-Vallín, 2022). Thus, communication and interpersonal skills are highly necessary for nurses to have, through which they can be able to understand the different issues that these ethnic community people are facing. Based on understanding these issues, effective suggestions for CAD-related mortality can be provided, and improvement in lifestyle choices of these people can be identified.

Conclusion

Thus, the importance of health promotion can be evaluated as one of the most significant responsibilities of nurses through the development of patient care services. Based on the issue of Coronary artery disease in the majority of the population of the UK, strategies have been provided through which the nurses can communicate and develop suggestions for enhancing better health outcomes. Based on a deep evaluation, it is identified that people of South Asian and African Caribbean communities, who are the ethnic communities of the UK, face major issues of CAD-related morbidity and have higher chances of death compared to Europeans. These factors result in developing complications as differentiation in providing treatment to the people suffering from CAD in the UK, as they are ethnic minorities in the UK. It is also important to ensure effective implementation of equality in treatment by the UK government, through which future improvements in businesses can be expected. Monitoring capabilities for providing equal treatment of care can be focused through which future decreased rates of ethnic morbidity die to CAD complication can be decreased based on prompt diagnosis and treatment. Thus, the role of nursing professionals is significant in this area as they mainly hold the responsibility of providing better awareness about positive lifestyle choices for avoiding complications resulting from CAD.

Reference List

Bhf.org.uk. (2025). UK Factsheet. Available at: https://www.bhf.org.uk/-/media/files/for-professionals/research/heart-statistics/bhf-cvd-statistics-uk-factsheet.pdf [Accessed on: 27.06.2025]

Bhf.org.uk. (2025). Coronary artery disease. Available at: https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/coronary-heart-disease [Accessed on: 27.06.2025]

Bhf.org.uk. (2025). How your ethnic background affects your risk of heart and circulatory diseases. Available at: https://www.bhf.org.uk/what-we-do/our-research/research-successes/ethnicity-and-heart-disease [Accessed on: 27.06.2025]

Faseru, B., Fagan, P. and Okuyemi, K.S., (2022). Additional benefits of maintaining a healthy lifestyle after quitting smoking. JAMA network open, 5(9), pp.e2232784-e2232784.

Gov.uk. (2025). Equality Act 2010: guidance. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/equality-act-2010-guidance [Accessed on: 27.06.2025]

Pérez-Del-Vallín, V., (2022, October). Development of communication skills in the health sector. In Seminars in Medical Writing and Education (Vol. 1, pp. 5-5).

Pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. (2025). ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1767706/ [Accessed on: 27.06.2025]

Rice, C.T., Barnett, S., O'Connell, S.P., Akowuah, E., Appleby, C.E., Chambers, J.B., Shah, B.N. and Blackman, D.J., (2023). Impact of gender, ethnicity and social deprivation on access to surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement in aortic stenosis: a retrospective database study in England. Open Heart, 10(2).

Santos, M.G.D., Pleutim, N.I., Queiroz-Cardoso, A.I.D., Ramalho, L.D.S., Souza, V.S.D. and Teston, E.F., (2025). Use of the Health Promotion Model by Nursing in Primary Care: an integrative review. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 78(2), p.e20240096.

Sharma, M., (2021). Theoretical foundations of health education and health promotion. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Theguardian.com. (2025). Minority ethnic heart failure patients ‘36% more likely to die’ in UK. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/society/article/2024/jun/03/minority-ethnic-heart-failure-patients-36-more-likely-to-die [Accessed on: 27.06.2025]

Thomson, L.J., Gordon-Nesbitt, R., Elsden, E. and Chatterjee, H.J., (2021). The role of cultural, community and natural assets in addressing societal and structural health inequalities in the UK: future research priorities. International Journal for Equity in Health, 20, pp.1-15.

Turaman, C., (2022). Classification of the risk factors of coronary artery disease and their evolutionary origins. Health Sciences Review, 3, p.100027.