Regulatory Challenges in the Healthcare Governance Model
Introduction
Points: mentality AND mechanism of government in healthcare uk (thinking of government and the doing of government.)
Mentality and mechanics of government in health and social care
The prime aim of the government is to support good health and well-being in order to provide good quality health services that are easily accessible and affordable for individuals with all income groups. As per the recent record, it is evident that the government is playing a key role as a catalyst and it along with other political parties have considered healthcare a national priority. The government as a catalyst had implemented certain changes in the healthcare condition of the UK, as it has acted as a challenging stigma and had introduced initiatives in order to promote the maternal health condition of individuals, and providing assistance in preventing maternal ill-health (Emmott et al. 2021). They have implemented a holistic approach to promote the health condition of the women by means of physical activity as well as by means of skilled practitioners and the healthcare professionals.
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In this case the aim is to ensure good health of the mother during pregnancy and in post pregnancy situation. Also the health of the new born baby is considered in this care facility. On the other hand, it act as a leader for reducing the ill-practices from the society, it provide assistance regarding tackling with the inequalities among the midwives present in the society, improving the access of providing high quality healthcare services and in addition to that it had also taken initiatives in order to integrate the education related to improve the health status of the women within the community (Butter et al. 2022).
The government had taken initiative to implement the health education within the community of UK where maternity health education is considered to be the key part of promoting curriculum relating to health education. Government responsibilities for initiating public health are extending beyond voluntary actions as well as services that are inclusive of additional authorities such as developing and implementing the evidence based practices for providing the maternity care to the women throughout their maternity period where they are regarded as the key component of the clinical governance (Flott et al. 2019). The government of UK remain committed to achieving the National Maternal safety and as per the services offered by the government relating to the maternity services, it is evident that all the women and the babies usually receives the treatment from the healthcare professionals those who remain resuscitation in case of both the mother and the infants or the newborns (Stephenson et al. 2019).
The conflict between the requirement for public safety and the current political agenda constantly influences how midwifery ethics, beliefs, and practises are taught and practised (Sonmezer, 2020). It is clear that the lack of autonomy for midwives and women who are expecting children as a result of these developments contrasts with the historical autonomy of midwifery practise (Zolkefli, Mumin and Idris, 2020). Labour administration in the 1948's saw the need to centralise the health care system and make services universally available(Grosios, Gahan and Burbidge, 2010). This had repercussions for expanding midwifery education to produce enough professionals to meet the demands of expectant mothers and their families(Humphreys, 1998). The Association for Improvement in Maternity Services (AIMS), which was founded in 1960, wheremidwives and childbearing women desired empowerment, and according to Foucault, power is a system rather than an agent, and empowerment is attained through structuring it for others(Chenoweth and Kilstoff, 2002).
Professional empowerment can lead to friction and conflict since it puts the practitioner in a position of moral superiority(Lyden et al., 2018). Cultural views have ingrained the notion that dependency is immoral and bad to society and individuals in terms of health and a midwifery service(Owonikoko et al., 2017). The forms of social practises that come from the consequences of power are therefore particular and constrained by particular bodies of knowledge, which are perceived to produce practical and theoretical competence(Woroniecki and et al., 2020).
NHS leadership and administration has long been a contentious topic(McComb, 2013). Long-standing understanding is that a top-down, performance-driven culture will not foster an environment that fosters achievement. While Robert Francis QC determined that all NHS organisations have to act in accordance with five key themes, including: fundamental standards; openness, transparency, and candour; nursing standards; patient-centered leadership; and information(Halligan, 2013).
Based on the Francis report, the National Leadership Council suggested a new system of professional accreditation and an agreement to examine the policies governing the education, appointment, assistance, and responsibility of executive and non-executive directors of NHS trusts and foundation trusts(Lynas, 2015). The NHS is still debating management accreditation, but nothing has been done as of yet. Local leadership was crucial in putting any recommendations from the study into action, and national action was planned to make sure this had happened. At the time, accreditation of managers indicated a worry regarding managerial competence and capability(Westcott, 2016).
The New NHS: Modern and Dependable policy statement describes clinical governance as the foundation of the organization's risk technologies(Wilkin, 2001). This involves taking measures to ensure that risks are reduced, adverse events are quickly identified, transparently examined, and lessons learned, that best practises are quickly shared, and that procedures are in place to assure ongoing clinical care improvements. This policy is the first in a series of documents that stem from two concerns: first, worries that the public's trust in healthcare providers was eroding; and, second, an understanding that steps needed to be taken to ensure that behaviour and performance within the NHS could be carefully scrutinised.
Midwifery managers are seldom mentioned in the transformational changes taking place in the UK as a result of the Best Start (The Scottish Government 2017) and Better Births (NHS England 2016)policy statements, nor do they offer any specific instructions for managing the required adjustments(Taylor et al., 2022). One of the main goals of these transformational changes is the widespread adoption of continuity of care, in response to the biomedical results for women and their unborn children that have been shown to be improved, as well as the increased satisfaction for women and midwives.
Method
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What are the concepts of governmentality and leadership in healthcare sector especially in maternal care (midwifery)?
What were the shifts in regulation in midwifery sector in the England and Scotland?
What were the failures in regulation of maternity services?
Type of analysis: Qualitative analysis
Search strategy
Databases: Business Source Ultimate, CINAHL Ultimate, Web of science
Keywords
Power OR legitimation OR managerialism OR professionalism OR public services OR resistance OR narcissism OR Kirkup AND Midwifery AND Foucault AND England OR Scotland
Exclusion and Inclusion criteria:
Inclusion
Articles after 2012, (after the implementation of Health and social care act 2012)
Articles related with England and Scotland
Exclusion
Only English Language articles
Articles related to maternal or health (E.g.: infection, pregnancy complication)
Articles specifying Wales or Northern Ireland.
Discussion
Concept of governmentality
In relation to the emergence of the administrative society, Foucault is concerned in the goals and formation of governments. Governmentality, which he describes as "the conduct of conduct" or "the art of government," is any of the several control systems that allow people to be ruled (Madsen, 2014).
Foucault's concept of "governmentality" represents a shift in the traditional understanding of power away from the top-down, hierarchical power of the state (Curtis, 2002). He expands the definition of power to include social control mechanisms present in disciplinary institutions as well as other forms of information (Kaspe, 2020). He is referring to the whole created by the institutions, practises, studies, thoughts, computations, and strategies that permit the use of this particular yet intricate type of power. To understand the population question, its link to the state, and that aspect of modern liberal society that Foucault referred to as "security," we need a power that is population-focused (Arnason, 2012). His concept of "biopower" is a population-centered kind of authority that is concerned with the management and control of human existence at the population and individual body levels.
Governmentality, which can also be referred to as "the game of government," is the process through which the state gradually becomes governmentalized (Sokhi-Bulley, 2014). According to Rafnse, Mennicken, and Miller (2019), it also refers to the guidance that can be given to the actions of people or groups, such as the governance of children, souls, communities, and the sick. The actions or practises of government, or even "the game of government," are what Foucault is referring to when he says that some people are taught how to rule over others while others allow themselves to be ruled (Smit, 2020). In this perspective, government is not only political institutions or state management; rather, it is the control of others' potential fields of action (Sokhi-Bulley, 2020). In this sense, to govern is to exert control over others' potential areas of action.
Governmentality is a way of thinking that belongs in Foucault's "toolbox," and it offers a flexible and open-ended perspective that highlights the insignificant tactics of governing (Binkley and Capetillo, 2023). Neo-liberalism is a style of governance that shifts the focus of the problem of governance from the market's anti-social consequences to society's anti-competitive impacts (Vallier, 2021). As a result, there have been service mergers, closures, and relocations, earlier patient discharges, shorter stays, increased workloads, and a transfer in the responsibility of care to families and careers (Sakellariou and Rotarou, 2017).
Leadership is in healthcare, especially in maternity services.
Lens of governmentality applied to midwifery and/or maternity
The leaders are the one who has the potential or the ability in order to influence or lead others by means of personal attributes or behavior for achieving similar goals. The government of the UK, plays the role of effective leaders for promoting the healthcare services and is responsible for promoting high quality and compassionate care to the women passing through the maternity phases (Locke, 2023). The government play a crucial role and are at the same time responsible for the promotion of health condition of women throughout their maternal lifecycles by means of special emphasis on women on their childbearing days as well as to their newborns (Ballif, 2022). As per the current records, it is visualized that the government of UK is taking steps for improving the personalized care and creating support plans for the mothers going through their child-bearing days. Moreover, they are addressing the societal issues impacting the maternal health and providing education and awareness regarding pre-conception health. Additionally, they are also taking initiatives to empower women to make the evidence-based decisions. Typically, governmentality is associated with the consent of the governed, as opposed to a punitive kind of control. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that clinical governance-driven mechanisms and risk assessment dominate modern midwifery regulation (Maffi and Gouilhers, 2019). Midwives evaluate women and place them in risk categories based on scientific facts.
Directors of midwifery are responsible for the strategic planning of maternity services and the provision of midwifery care, for providing strategic, professional leadership and advice, and for acting as both an advocate for women and the knowledgeable voice of the profession. They also serve as leaders and advocates for safe, high-quality maternity care (Batinelli et al., 2022). A&E, cancer treatment, geriatric medicine, radiography, surgery, and urology are just a few of the fields they oversee the provision of nursing care in (Rumsey et al., 2022). There should be a director of midwifery in every institution, and maternity care should be located in the community and cross primary and secondary care lines (Batinelli et al., 2023).This would help protect people from the risk posed by dysfunctional services and enable problems to be identified and escalated more quickly. It should also be the role of a senior manager to improve how maternity services link into other health and social care sectors(Marian Knight, 2014).
To improve decision-making, midwifery leadership should be positioned in national policy, planning, and budgeting processes. This is necessary for delivering high-quality midwifery care (Rafferty, 2018). Maternity services require strong leadership, efficient governance, a solid safety culture, and a proactive strategy for tackling health inequities (Thumm and Flynn, 2018). The first Ockenden assessment emphasised the significance of enhancing monitoring and leadership, dealing with toxic work environments, and promoting more collaborative ways (Wilkinson, 2022). Notwithstanding advancements in midwifery leadership abilities, maternity service leads' leadership development needs to take a more collaborative approach (Adcock, Sidebotham and Gamble, 2022). The review discovered that there was a mismatch between midwives who worked in the community and those who worked in acute settings since there was no shared goal and no feeling of a maternity "team" (Filby, McConville and Portela, 2016). One trust said that personnel felt appreciated, supported, and valued while another site reported the reverse about the culture of services.
Ineffective incident reporting was also discovered, with staff members occasionally unsure of what constituted an incident or how to properly evaluate it (Lindsay, Sandall and Humphrey, 2012). The most crucial information is that most services had procedures in place to learn from incidents, including categorising and identifying them, monitoring them with dashboards, ensuring proper communication and escalation of incidents, and introducing formal cardiotocograph trace (CTG) training and support in the wake of incidents (Anderson, 2013). A range of other techniques were employed by the services to share their learning, including written newsletters, local intranet, posters, huddles, open meetings, and in-person events. Action might not have been taken, nevertheless, in services without a defined learning culture.
According to the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) study, financial constraints, insufficient management, and poor staff management relationships all negatively impacted the ability of maternity professionals to adapt to change (Hashemzadeh et al., 2019). Although feelings of helplessness have previously been identified in the literature on midwifery, changes within organisations have made them worse (Foster et al., 2021). In order to improve maternity services and support maternity professionals, policy makers and professional bodies must take the staff's worries seriously. Because that maternity care is offered in increasingly complicated healthcare environments, having access to decision-making mechanisms is crucial (McInnes et al., 2020).
The most significant information in this book is that, in contrast to 59% in 2001, 77.3% of Respondents indicated unhappiness with their financed midwifery establishment (Guest et al., 2004). This was brought on by a rise in client dependence as a result of a greater reliance on the obstetric model of care (Berg, 2005). Moreover, managers believed that there were not enough midwives in their units to provide woman-centered care for all of their clients, and that human resources ultimately determined the type of care that could be provided (Fontein-Kuipers, De Groot and Van Staa, 2018). This worry was also evident in the RCM's annual staffing survey, where HoMs most commonly cited the impact of woman-centered care as a factor (McGrory et al., 2022).
An outline of shifts in regulation in midwifery from prior to Kirkup
The Department of Health and Social Care's (2016) initiative to reform the legislation of midwifery does not remove the trademarked terms "midwife" and "attending on a woman in childbirth." Both prenatal and postnatal services have never been recognized as a safe tasks for midwives, and the standard of practice has not altered, as shown by the Standards for competence for Registered Midwives and The Code (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2016). The current legislative system was established by the Nursing and Midwifery Order of 2001, which also granted limited regulation power to the Committee. The most crucial information in this text is that parliamentary approval is required to amend the Midwifery Order and the Regulations, and that the extent of the change is not yet confirmed. The protected function of "attendance on a woman in childbirth" is not expanded by the midwives' rules and standards to include the prenatal and postnatal phases, and they do not contribute anything to the framework established by The Code and the Standards for competence for certified midwives (Tilbrook, 2012).
Each of these levels of law must be changed in order to reform the midwifery framework, and some of these laws may become ineffective because they are no longer supported by a rule-making authority in the Order or the Rules, or a Rule may become ineffective as a result of changes to the Order (Westcott, 2016).
The pathway of maternity failures and reviews
In-depth analyses of maternity care conducted across the UK over the past six years have revealed grave shortcomings (Ockenden, 2022). The Ockenden report finds a fundamental failure in national policy and highlights serious flaws in England's maternity services. It demands the Maternal Transformation Plan (MTP) be suspended immediately and that the data supporting the policy be examined to determine whether it is a model appropriate for the future (Lavallee, 2022). Focusing only on a few parts of the report, though, runs the risk of omitting more extensive systemic dangers to public safety.
The study team found that adverse outcomes, such as sepsis, HIE, and death, were caused by a failure to follow national clinical recommendations, delays in escalation, and a lack of collaboration across disciplines. (Sood, 2021) This was brought on by a "them and us" mentality among obstetric staff and midwives, which encouraged anxiety and hindered the service's capacity to implement effective improvements. Also, there were personnel and training shortages in the medical and midwifery sector, which had a detrimental effect on how the service was handled (Sandall et al., 2011). Last but not least, the labour ward coordinator lacked supernumerary rank, making them inaccessible to lower personnel. The review found that medical staff rotas have been overstretched, inadequate support from consultant obstetric and anaesthetic services, and unsafe clinical practice (Ockenden, 2022).
Also, personnel mentioned hazardous inpatient-to-staff ratios and inadequate staffing levels (Turner, Griffiths and Kitson-Reynolds, 2021). Documents and methods related to clinical governance revealed that investigational procedures were not adhered to to the letter and that certain key cases of concern received no investigation at all. Also, there were external assessments conducted by other agencies that provided inaccurate assurances regarding maternity services, and chances to have improved maternity services earlier were missed (Evans et al., 2019).
Concerned about a rise in major clinical adverse events and the security of the clinical model of maternity care, the two clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) requested a review of the trust's maternity services in 2013. (National Maternity Review, 2016). It came to the conclusion that there was a culture of openness and transparency surrounding reporting and investigations, which caused more major instances to be recorded than would have otherwise been the case.
All maternity services need to have solid procedures in place to guarantee that the number of midwives and obstetricians on staff is safe and up to par with national standards (National Quality Board (NQB), 2018). Evaluation and exacerbation, evidence-based training, a consistent risk assessment and response pathway, perpetual risk assessment all through pregnancy, requires great, optimistic partnership and professional relationships between midwives, obstetricians, and neonatologists, a favorable organizational culture, high standards for professional conduct and friendly work interaction and interaction with women and families, and empathy are a few of them.
The Royal College of Midwives Scotland had also outlined five aspects for the Scottish Legislature to take action on going forward. These areas using experienced midwives with a mission to assist women who have severe and or several potential drawbacks, practitioners with midwives mainly concentrated on offering excellent care to women from communally disadvantaged areas, and clear objectives and intervention intended to provide maternity care that respects the diversity of experience and outcome (MBRRACE, 2022). Another critical features are that any recovery package should include support for those who have been impacted, many maternity workers are still dealing with long-term chronic illnesses, and the National Wellbeing Hub, National Wellbeing Helpline, and Workforce Specialist Service have been well obtained by employees. The Scottish Government of the long term must also keep improving programs that improve the wellbeing of all medical professionals. Part of this should entail efforts at the national level to promote healthy workplace environments and innovative approaches to staff retention (Lochhead, 2021). Last but not least, future-ready birthplaces should have adequate ventilation and social distance.
The next Scottish Government shall assess and modernise the NHS's architectural infrastructure for maternal services in order to provide women in Scotland more alternatives regarding where to give birth, as well as in intent midwife-led facilities (The Maternity Services Action Group, 2011). More midwives should be made available in more institutions across Scotland, especially in the north, and a more flexible approach to training should be used to end the country's midwife shortage.
Role of evidence-based practice and continuity of care in maternity care
“Evidence based maternity care” is responsible for providing effective care by means of causing less harm. As per the opinion of Cummins et al. (2020), the “Evidence based practice” within the maternity care is important as it provides the most effective maternity care to the midwifery available and at the same time is also responsible for the outcomes of the patients. “Evidence based midwifery practices' ' usually aims to ensure that the women who are going through the acute phases of maternity are receiving the care that fits their needs and maternity requirements, facilitates a sound decision-making as well as are responsible for reducing the unnecessary and the other means of ineffective interventions. In addition to that, it is also responsible for providing healthcare assistance by means of skills and the health related knowledge in order to justify the patience as well as minimize the health risks. On the other hand, the continuity care is considered to be a systematic way of delivering the maternity care so the women of the community receive the dedicated as well as the best healthcare support from the midwifery team in the entire period of pregnancy (Frederiksen et al. 2023). The stated model had an effective role in providing improvement to the continuity of care over a longer period of time. Family-Centered Prenatal Care helps new parents feel more confident in their parenting abilities, which benefits both parents and infants (Kennedy et al. 2020). Babies start learning to sleep through the night and establish habits right away with a focus on strengthening family ties.
The clinical government is considered to be responsible or accountable and acting as per the instructions forwarded by the government to raise the level of services provided and to protect standards of care by providing an environment that fosters clinical excellence (Watkins et al. 2022). In addition, clinical governance which emerges from corporate accountability for clinical performance also helps to guarantee that patients receive the care they need in a context that is secure, nutritious, transparent, and equitable. Additionally, the clinical standards are also responsible for promoting better health experiences as well as outcomes that are also responsible for improving the quality of care in terms of quality and safety (Prussing et al. 2023). Hence, managers, midwives, and nurses all share the same aim of improving patient care. Together, they are accountable for the care they deliver, the “equitable use of resources”, and to promote a “positive workplace culture”. Evidence based practices are accountable always to provide patient centric care (Kusyanti et al. 2022). The patient's cultural practices are taken under consideration and they offer the treatments that are of higher value in order to provide the best treatment provided to the midwives.
Conclusion
By redefining power in ways other than the hierarchical, top-down power of the state, Foucault's concept of "governmentality" challenges the traditional understanding of power. The anti-social consequences of the market are replaced by the anti-competitive impacts of society in neo-liberalism, a system of governance. Maternity services require strong leadership, efficient governance, a solid safety culture, and a proactive strategy for tackling health inequities. With no changes to the protected terms "midwife" or "attendance on a woman in labour," the Department of Health and Social Services is proposing to modernise the regulation of midwifery. There are no changes to the midwives' scope of practise, and antenatal and postnatal care have never been protected duties.
The Ockenden report finds a fundamental failure in national policy and highlights serious flaws in England's maternity services. The National Maternity Review discovered dangerous clinical practise, overstretched medical staff rotas, and insufficient support from consultant obstetric and anaesthetic services. Documents and methods related to clinical governance revealed that investigational procedures were not adhered to the letter and that certain key cases of concern received no investigation at all. All maternity services must implement effective strategies to guarantee that their obstetric and midwifery staffing levels are secure and adhere to national requirements in order to increase the quality of care. The Royal College of Midwives Scotland had also recognized five aspects for the Scottish Government to take into consideration in the future. These areas include specialist midwives with a mission to assist women who have severe and multiple downfalls, practitioners with midwives centred on providing the best care to women from socially deprived regions, and clear objectives and action intended to provide maternity care that is equal in terms of experience and outcomes.
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