Introduction
Background
Anaesthetic drug refers to a medicine or a substance that use to loss of feeling of awareness among the patient. The drug often use by the medical professionals to keep patient far from feeling of pain during the medical or surgical procedures. The drug are of various kinds, the local anaesthesia usually use to numbs the particular area of individual`s body while general anaesthesia is use for temporarily unconscious that patient to have a invasive surgeries (Jeske, 2024). The application of the drug temporarily block the sensory signal from person nerves at the site of process to the centres in person`s brain. The use of anesthetic is crucial and beneficial in various medical procedures but it can responsible for create some medical error also. However, the use of anesthetic result in drug error, according to the studies the error rate in regards to anesthesia is around one error within every 133 anesthetics. In addition, the use of anesthesia has several side effects such as back pain, low body temperature, fatigue, headache, difficulty urinating, sore threat, nausea, vomiting and so more. Also, the drug use includes several kinds of risk such as collapse of lung, gaining awareness during the procedures due to less impact of dose and some time it can cause nerve damage also.
Moreover, the drug error explains as a failure in the process of treatment that result in potential harm to the patient. There are several kind of anesthetic drug errors such as omission to provide drug to patient, repetition means furnishing extra dose than it indented, substitution of drug means incorrect drug given to patient at the place of desired one. It also includes drug error related to insertion and incorrect dose. The drug error usually result of inadequate experience of the staff, lack of experience and required training, limited familiarity with the equipments, inattention, carelessness or so more (Kim et al, 2022). This kind of errors leads to threat to the life of patient in terms of death, side effects and life-time impact such as brain damage, paralysis, irritation and so more. As the consequences of the anesthetic drug error are high, therefore, it is important for the healthcare industry of the UK to focus on considering interventions to overcome and mitigate such kinds of error in effective as well as efficient manner. The present study will aim to examine the several kind of interventions to decline the anesthetic drug error within the healthcare industry of the United Kingdom.
From the evaluation of different study it is identified that there are several types of anesthesia medication error. According to the views of Bratch and Pandit (2021), omission is one of the kind of the anesthesia drug error, within it the dose of drug is omitted to given the patient as a result during the medical procedure, individual have no consciousness as a result able to feels all pain that can be non-bearable result in creation of mental stress and harm to emotional-wellbeing. This kind of the drug error causes because of the inattention as well as carelessness of the medical staff or professional within the healthcare industry. However, the Warner et al, (2022) outlined that sometimes there is no need to give anesthesia to the patient but for safety purpose the professional use it.
Moreover, substitution is also one of the kinds of anaesthesia drug error. Aronson, Heneghan and Ferner (2023) defines it as an error concerning with giving the patient with the incorrect drug rather than a desired one. The drug due to the unawareness of the professional and lack of focus on work swaps, for instance, thiopentone drug given to the patient instead of antibiotics. This can result in harm to patient in terms of side effects like fatigue, muscle pain or even a brain damage that is life threatening. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of the Macallan, Sutcliffe and Lomax (2023), it is identified that substitution as an anesthesia drug error can be the cause of weak medication system or human factor such as poor environmental condition, staff shortage and lack of training to the professional engage in the process. When the work environment have complex environment where one professional resist communicating with other and having a lack of training programs than it result in medication error.
The Regina et al, (2021) outline that repetition is also an anaesthesia drug error that includes furnishing extra dose to the patient in against of the intended drug. This kind of error is cause of incomplete knowledge to professional regarding patient, writing errors and so more. On the other hand, based on the perspective of Patel (2023), professed that incorrect dose of anaesthesia and insertion is also a kind of drug error. The former one includes furnishing wrong dose to the patient and latter one consists given the drug at the wrong time to the patient. It can be cause of the inattentiveness of the healthcare providers, prescription writing errors and so more. This kind of error results in bringing awareness to the patient between the procedures result in mental exhaustion.
It is concluded that within healthcare industry, it is important to introduce different interventions to decline the anesthetic drug error in significant manner. Intervention refers to the process of taking action to change a prevailed situation. From the analysis of the viewpoint of the Ryan, Robertson and Glass (2024), one of the best intervention for minimizing the anesthetic drug error is avoiding the use of look-alike packaging and presentation drug as it can be result of using incorrect drug in place of the right one. It can help in overcome the drug error related to the substitution. In addition, to avoid it, drug should be drawn up, furnish and labelled by the anaesthesia provider himself, to reduce such kinds of the error. It is better that drug should be presented in prefilled syringes as compared to the ampoules. However, the considering the pinion of Maximous et al, (2021), double-checking during medical is another intervention to decline error. This intervention is helpful in decline errors such as repetition, insertion and wrong dose. The professional or anesthesia provider before giving it to patient first attentively required to read the prescription and other relevant documents. This can help in overcome such kinds of error result in better patient outcomes.
The Soori (2024) expressed that duplication should be avoided within the healthcare industry to decline the anesthetic drug error such as drug furnish to the patient by the same individual who drawn up and labelled the anesthesia, to avoid repetition of drug. On the other hand, Buck et al, (2022) explain that effective training programs are act as an intervention to decline such kind of intervention. It is important that healthcare providers furnish with the required training to remain attentive during the medical procedures. Such kind of training enables them to remain attentive result in less likely chances of the anesthetic drug error.
In addition, via the analyzing the perspective of the Sameera, Bindra and Rath (2021), to decline the anesthetic drug error, it is important to use appropriate technical jargons. The inability to use technical jargons results in lack of clarity that can cause of giving wrong dose to patient at the wrong time. Therefore, only professional with required competency should appoint to provide anesthesia to the patients. In addition, the provider should first examine the medical report of patient before use of the anesthesia. Thus, such kinds of interventions can play a significant role in declining the anesthetic drug errors within UK healthcare sector. According to view point of Elliott et al, (2024) it has identified that arranging training session for healthcare professional is one of the most optimum strategy as it aids in developing required skills and competencies of employees. This strategy will also assist in developing knowledge regarding amount of medication that should be offered to patients leading to their overall well being.
On the critical point of view, Hodkinson et al, (2020) stated that arranging training session during professional’s working hour could create issue in providing timely services to patients and thereby impacting on the their overall satisfaction. Along with this, organizations generally arrange theoretical training session and did not provide opportunity to practically implement the knowledge which results in reducing efficiency of the sessions. Further, Lamb et al, (2021) stated that avoiding look – alike packaging is effective strategy as it help in reducing error related to faulty drug and aids in safeguarding overall health condition of the patients. Moreover, it has been identified that substitution error is majorly caused by new professionals. This strategy will help them in easily recognising type of drug that should be provided to patients and ultimately help in avoiding all type of error. Further, if only one professional is assigned duty of labelling and furnishing drug than it will help in mitigating communication issue and also support in avoiding any type of error in drug.
On the contrary point of view, Alqenae, Steinke and Keers (2020) claimed that using differential packaging could also result in creating confusion within professionals. If proper labelling has not initiated on packaging then it could create confusion regarding the type of medicine and ultimately increases scope of errors. This confusion could end increasing risk of substitution and thereby negatively impacting on the overall health condition of patients. Denning et al, (2021) stated that double checking is one of the most significant intervention in healthcare industry for safeguarding against all the issue and error. In this, professionals are involved in clearly reading out all the medicine and drug that has already provided to patients based on which error of repetition and faulty dose could be overcome. However, Balasubramanian et al, (2020) articulated that many time professional are overloaded with work due to which they ignore going through prescription and relevant document that end up increasing overall scope of error and thereby impacting on patient’s overall health status. Along with this, Sutton et al, (2020) explicated that employee should be made well aware of all the technical terminology regarding anaesthetic drugs as mispronunciation and misinterpretation could results in increasing scope of error and ultimately impact on overall physical and mental well being of the patients.
Rationale
The current study is based on exploring strategies by which issues of anaesthetic drug error could be mitigated. It has been identified that there is high rate of anaesthetics drug error within UK which account to 1 in every 133 patients (Case of Anaesthesia error in UK, 2024). It has been determined that this is resulting in negatively impacting on overall mental and physical health of the patients (Chauhan et al, 2020). This creates an urgency to identify all the potential strategies through which such errors could be reduced leading to overall well being of patients. In this regard, thematic analysis will be used to shed light on the diverse interventions for overcoming anaesthetic drug error within UK.
Gap
Prior studies have been initiated regarding the advantage and disadvantage of anaesthetic drug for the patients. Further, emphasis was also paid over identifying various anaesthetic drug errors that are occurred in healthcare industry (Hodkinson et al, 2022). However, focus has not paid on identifying various causes behind increasing error rate and its impact on the well being of the patients. Moreover, concentrations have also not paid on defining various strategies by which such error could be overcome. The current study will aid in defining all the causes of anaesthetic error and also depict on diverse intervention by which such issue could be easily overcome.
Aims, Objectives, and Research Question
Aims:
The aim behind current study is to determine strategies for reducing anaesthetic drug error within the healthcare industry of the UK.
Objective:
- To evaluate various types and causes of anaesthesia medication errors in UK.
- To analysis various intervention for reducing anaesthetic drug errors within UK
- To explore impact of intervention related to anaesthetic drug error on patients’ well being within UK.
- To suggest competent strategies to healthcare professional for mitigating negative impact of strategies.
Research question
Q1. What is various types and cause of anaesthesia medication errors?
Q2. What are various strategies for mitigating anaesthetic drug error?
Q3. What are various impacts of intervention on overall patient’s well being?
Analysis And Method
Project design
Project design implies to diverse type of data that needs to be gathered for gaining most accurate and reliable information related to the topic. There are mainly two type of project design that includes quantitative and qualitative design. Qualitative design refers to the research study that focuses on understanding complex and subjective aspect of the topic (Taherdoost, 2022). Quantitative design implies to gathering numerical information for analysing question and testing hypothesis. In the context of determining theories for reducing anaesthetic medication error, Qualitative design will be used by researcher. This design aims at exploring perspective and opinion of respondents which aids in gaining deeper insight of real world scenarios.
Qualitative method will be used as it support in offering description regarding “why” and “how” a particular phenomena has been occurred leading to gaining better insight of topic (Kamper, 2020). Moreover, all the strategies and their impact could not be understood in quantitative or statistical form due to which qualitative design has been selected. Along with this, qualitative method includes response of open ended question that assist in better understanding regarding impact of the medication error and thereby aids in gaining optimum answer for research question. Beside this, qualitative method aims at promoting flexibility and spontaneity that contribute towards easily adapting to new method at any point of time. On the other hand, quantitative design includes reductive nature of classification which creates obstacle in gaining in-depth knowledge regarding analysed item because of which this method will be avoided in current study.
Eligible criteria
An eligible criterion includes various benchmarks on which each article and journals will be evaluated for identifying most accurate information (Mulisa, 2022). In the present study, researcher is aiming at maintaining reliability of the data due to which article before 2020 will be ignored. This has been done as there is regular change in market condition and geopolitical situation of country which creates issue in gaining relevant information. Along with this, information from past four year will only be considered as it support in gaining most accurate information regarding topic. Further, all the studies which has conducted through quantitative design will also be ignored as it will not help in understanding perception and real life opinion of the respondents leading to developing obstacles in better responding to research question. Along with this, researcher is also aiming at evaluating perception of diverse authors before selecting articles so that information is gathered from accurate and reliable sources. Beside this, only UK based articles and books will be used based on which information regarding the countries medication error could be effectively evaluated.
Information sources
An information source refers to various method and provenances from where data regarding topic could be gathered. There are generally three types of information sources that include human sources, documentary source and institutional sources. In the context of identifying strategies for mitigating scope of anaesthetic drug error, documentary source will be used by the research. A documentary source refers to various previous records that include all the information regarding the topic (Hasan et al, 2021). In this regard, electronic data bases will be used to gain access to all the information regarding the topic. In this context, Goggle scholar and university portal will be used that aids in gaining access to diverse books, journals and articles. This information source has been selected as it aids in gaining huge amount of information easily and also assists in easily exploring diverse view points of the authors.
Search strategy
Search strategy implies to numerous method and techniques that are used for collecting all the required information from all articles (Suri, 2020). In the context of identifying various strategies for reducing anaesthetic medication error, researcher is aiming at utilizing Boolean operators and keywords strategies which contribute in gaining required information. In this regard, researcher is aiming at searching for various keywords such as “anaesthetics”, “UK”, “mitigating strategies” and “Impact” which aids in collecting most relevant and accurate information regarding the topic. Moreover, keyboards will be usually searched in abstract and title of project that aids in identifying reliability of the chosen databases. Along with this, Boolean operators will also be utilized by the researcher which helps in selecting articles with different combinations. Under this, researcher will use AND, OR, NOT as the Boolean logic which assists in gaining most accurate information. In this context, researcher will search regarding “Strategies for anaesthetic error AND its impact” as to find article that covers both aspect of the topic.
Data management
Data management refers to the process of gathering, organizing, managing and accessing information for gaining knowledge regarding the topic and solving research question (Char, Abràmoff and Feudtner, 2020). For successfully storing all the information, researcher is aiming at building strong file cataloging conventions and naming which aids in easily discovering and searching for the information. Moreover, all the information will be stored in digital form with the help of desktops, hard drives, network drives and cloud storages that aids in avoiding misuse of crucial information. Along with this, 3:2:1 framework of data management will be used which include storing three copies of data, utilizing two different type of storage method among which one will be stored offsite. This process aids in smart access to all the information and support in avoiding issue related to redundant and misuse.
Selection process
Selection process refers to various steps and techniques that will be implemented for choosing most accurate articles from huge data bases (Newman, Guta and Black, 2021). In the context of determining various strategies for mitigating anaesthetic drug error, two independent reviewer techniques will be used. In this regard, titles and abstracts of the identified studies will be analysed on the basis of various inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the title and abstract screening, two independent reviewers take decision, whether particular article should be included or not. After this, researcher will involve towards full-text assessment in which studies that passed initial screening will be fully analysed by two reviewers. Through regular consensus and discussion, reviewers will able to select most accurate and reliable study. This method has been used as it ensure that high quality evidence are included that aids in maintaining transparency and objectivity throughout selection process.
Data collection process
Data collection is the process of accumulating and measuring information that helps in easily responding to the research question, evaluating outcome and testing hypothesis (Tamminen and Poucher, 2020). There are majorly two type of data collection method that includes primary and secondary method. Primary method includes gathering information at the point of event or for the first time. Secondary data collection implies to the process of gathering information that has previously collected by other scholar (De Oliveira, 2023). In the context of identifying various strategies for mitigating anaesthetic drug errors and its impact, secondary data collection method will be used by researcher. This method has been selected as it aids in exploring wider view and perception of diverse author leading to gaining better insight of the topic. Along with this, secondary study aids in saving time and cost as researcher is not required to conduct study from scratch. Furthermore, research is aiming at utilizing Google scholar and university portal for gaining access to diverse books, article, blogs and journals. This past studies will be critically analysed which aids in understanding diverse strategies by which anaesthetic errors could be mitigated.
Data items
There are large numbers of resources that are required for successfully carrying out the study. In the current study, researcher is aiming at utilizing PICO framework which aids in determining key elements required in finding solution for research question. In this context, researcher requires financial resources, huge data bases and software’s for collecting and analysing information regarding anaesthetic drug error.
Outcome
The current report aids in identifying that drug swap, inaccurate drugs dosages and duplication of drugs are major error in anaesthetic. Along with this, lack of staff, overburden, overtime, carelessness, fatigues and poor communication are major cause of anaesthetic errors. Further proper training, management of inventory, standardized communication system, error prevention clinical care protocol are intervention for mitigating error.
Quality appraisal of studies
There are large number of limitations and risk that ultimately impact on the quality of overall studies. Lack of adequate time and resources is one of the major issues which create issue in successfully undertaking all the activities. Due to time constraint, researcher will be using secondary data collection method which results in gaining huge amount of information quickly. This method also aids in understanding view point of diverse author in relative less time leading to successfully initiating study. Due to lack of monetary resources, researcher is unable to utilized latest and effective software in data synthesis. In order to overcome the issue, researcher has opted for thematic data analysis method which helps in gaining better insight of the research topic by determining patterns and themes in qualitative data.
Data synthesis
Data synthesis implies to the process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming and modelling data as to discover useful information and forming conclusion. There are usually two methods of evaluating data that includes SPSS and thematic data analysis method. SPSS implies to the statistical tool which is used for analysing the quantitative information (Saliya, 2023). Thematic approach is the qualitative method that aims at recognising themes and patterns from the large amount of textual information. In the context of identifying intervention for decreasing error of anaesthetic drugs, thematic data analysis method will be used by the researcher. This method aids in determining common patterns and themes within qualitative information leading to forming accurate conclusion. In this, researcher will undertake objective based on which themes are drafted and each aspect will be analysed in context of UK’s healthcare industry by referring to diverse materials and scholarly papers.
Ethical considerations
This indicates diverse rules and regulation that needs to be considered for carrying out study in ethical and fair manner (Mazhar et al, 2021). In this regard, researcher is aiming at effectively following all the rules and regulation of universities leading to carrying out all activities in ethical and fair manner, Along with this, all the secondary data will be cited in an appropriate manner which provides evidence and accuracy of the collected information. Beside this, researcher is also aiming at offering full example list which acknowledge the effort of original researcher.
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Online
Case of Anaesthesia error in UK. 2024. Online. Available through: < https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007091222005529#:~:text=An%20error%20in%20the%20administration,workflows%20to%20prevent%20such%20errors.>
